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First, our ancestors walked upright.
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They survived by becoming
scavengers and opportunists...
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but this creature is something new.
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He has taken the next step
on the journey to becoming human.
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This is the story of what makes him like you.
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I'm travelling back in time.
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With science, we can build
a picture of our past...
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and bring our dead ancestors to life.
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Join me on a journey through our human story.
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Southern Africa,
one and a half million years ago.
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These people are Homo ergaster.
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For two days, they've been tracking
an ageing wildebeest.
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They've literally walked it into the ground.
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Dee!
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Yet the hunt is far from over.
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The wildebeest is exhausted but not dead.
Only experience will tell them when to strike.
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Dee ajooti!
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- A-wah.
- Ajooti.
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(HE YELLS)
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(THEY YELL)
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(BELLOWS)
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Hah! Racog! Hah! Racog!
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A waste of effort.
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Argh!
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The young male's impatience
has cost the ergaster their kill.
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Their hunger will have to wait.
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By looking at the bones and relics
that these people will one day leave behind,
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modern-day scientists will get a good idea
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of the part they play
in the evolution of you and me.
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And by being here, in Africa,
one and a half million years ago,
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you and I can do something else.
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By watching their everyday lives closely,
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we can see the seeds of humanity
developing in these apemen,
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and also, we can see how much
of the apeman remains alive in us.
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First of all, though, we have to keep up!
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It's twelve noon and 35 degrees in the shade...
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but ergaster can cover vast distances
at quite a speed even in these conditions,
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because they have the most sophisticated
cooling system of any animal on Earth.
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Long modern-looking noses cool
and moisten the air as they breathe.
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Hairless bodies let heat escape...
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and millions of tiny glands in their skin
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mean they don't pant to control
their temperature, but sweat.
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So while other animals sit it out in the shade,
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ergaster can stride out in the sun.
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And they have another adaptation,
something you can't see -
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an enormous brain.
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In fact, it's from ergaster
that we inherit our big brains.
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Perhaps we can find out why we both share
such a unique adaptation
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by seeing what ergaster use their big brains for.
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To start with, by using their big brains,
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ergaster can understand the world around them
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like no creature has ever done before.
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In fact, their insight into their surroundings
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is nothing short of revolutionary.
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For you and I, experience of the natural world
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can be little more than passing,
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but for all other animals, our ancestors included,
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life itself depends on it.
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All animals have some understanding
of their environment.
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A five-month-old swallow
can instinctively negotiate
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the 10,000-kilometre journey
from Britain to South Africa
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without ever having done it before.
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An old matriarch elephant
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can remember a place to find water
in the driest of seasons
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even if she's only been there once,
half a century earlier.
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But until now,
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no creatures have pieced together
knowledge of their world
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from apparently unrelated clues
found around them.
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No creature has ever been able
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to look at marks like these
in the mud, for instance,
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and, never having seen them before,
know anything about them at all.
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It sounds like the simplest thing imaginable,
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and to you and I it is,
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yet, though it may surprise you,
to a dog, cat or even to a baboon,
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these marks are no more
than the pattern on the world's carpet.
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Of all the creatures on Earth,
only you and I can look at these marks
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and tell them for what they are - hoof prints,
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made by an animal that went thataway.
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Ergaster is the creature we get that skill from.
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For them, it's the key to unlock nature's secrets.
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They can understand
there's a particular kind of cloud
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that signals rain...
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...that the arrival of a new type
of bird, like our swallows,
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means a change in season
and new opportunities.
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Even if they've never seen
a particular kind of animal before,
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they can still place it
within the jigsaw of their world.
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Though there will always be mysteries,
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ergaster's new way of seeing the world
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is a milestone on the journey
that will lead to us.
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To understand the world
is a vital step towards controlling it.
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(SHOUTS)
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And bigger brains have allowed
ergaster to do something else.
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They've made an extraordinary
technological breakthrough.
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They've created the Rolls Royce of stone axes.
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Heavy and powerful,
yet precise enough for delicate cuts.
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It shows both planning and vision,
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and because they're found all over Africa,
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it shows that these people
could learn from each other
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the secret of how to make them.
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A million and a half years before your time,
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this axe is the most sophisticated
object on the planet.
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So, ergaster's big brains have
completely changed the way they live,
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but surprisingly,
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we still haven't seen the real task
they and we use our big brains for.
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A big brain is an incredibly
expensive thing to run
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in terms of the amount of energy it uses.
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Ergaster's brain is so energy hungry
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it consumes about a sixth of all the calories
they eat and drink in a day.
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For such a gas-guzzler to be worthwhile,
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it must be absolutely vital
for these people's survival.
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And indeed it is. They need it
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to deal with the most complicated
thing in their world.
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And the really complicated thing
about ergaster's world
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is the same as the really
complicated thing about ours.
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It's not tools or tracking,
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nor judging when a wildebeest
is ready to die.
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What you need a big brain for...
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...is understanding other people.
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Ergaster work together to find their prey,
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stalk their prey, and kill.
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They will even take some food back
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to share with other individuals in their group.
Meat is not simply food,
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it's a potential bargaining tool for later.
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For the young male, the stolen
crocodile tooth may also come in handy.
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Almost everything about ergaster
has brought surprising benefits
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in their complex new world of relationships...
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(PANTS)
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...like the fact they sweat
instead of pant to lose heat,
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even when they're working hard.
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This has given them
much more control of their breathing,
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freeing up their body
for something incredibly useful.
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It frees up their body to make sounds.
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(THEY SHOUT TO EACH OTHER)
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Ergaster are the first of our ancestors to have
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what we would recognise as a human voice,
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and using it to communicate with each other
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has become crucial to their way of life.
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So much so that, if you were in Africa
one and a half million years ago
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looking for a group of Homo ergaster
returning home after a successful hunt,
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the chances are that long before
you'd see them, you'd hear them.
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(MALES SHOUT TO EACH OTHER)
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(THEY CHANT)
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Ergaster don't have permanent home bases.
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Instead, they drift from place to place,
depending on where they can find food.
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Each can feed themselves
from what they gather about them...
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(HUNTERS CHANT)
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(WHOOPING CALL)
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...but the return of the hunters
with the potential of meat to share
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is a special event.
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(THEY SHOUT)
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(WHOOPING CALL)
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This is a scene unlike any on Earth before -
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a group of animals held together
not by safety in numbers
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nor by an individual male,
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but by something potentially
much more powerful -
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the ties of family and friends.
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Helping others, and relying
on others to help you,
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has become the glue holding people together...
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...from a mother offering food and support
to her pregnant daughter...
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...to the beginnings
of a new kind of relationship -
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males and females, pairing up
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and living for at least a time monogamously.
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To help them in this new world
of depending on each other,
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ergaster have developed a unique mutation.
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Ayi darshi!
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We think that they are the first of our ancestors
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to have very noticeable whites
to their eyes, like ours.
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Darshi! Oo voozu?
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Like us, they can see into each other's minds...
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Darshi! Keema hoot!
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...and communicate, at a glance,
hidden depths of meaning.
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Voozu.
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For the young hunter, his portion
of the kill is more than just food,
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it's a currency.
He's going to use it to buy a mate.
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- Wa-ha?
- Chiccatoo. Chiccatoo.
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The stolen tooth
only adds to the good impression.
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- Borjoo!
- Borjoo.
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He's a man who is not only useful,
but also brave.
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Quite a catch!
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But the young female appears to have
more than one potential suitor.
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For any ergaster,
there are few more unsettling sights
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than a solitary, unattached male.
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(AGGRESSIVE SHOUTING)
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The primitive eruption of violence
is both sudden and shocking...
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yet it's part of these people's
complex lives together.
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To have a society
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where there are not only enemies
but more importantly friends,
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has given ergaster tremendous potential.
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Together with their new command
of their environment,
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it has enabled them to do something
which has never happened before
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in the history of human life on Earth.
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It has given them the competence
to leave their ancestral home, Africa,
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and to begin to populate the rest of the world.
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They began by following the course
of the River Nile across Africa
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and into the Middle East.
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Their numbers growing,
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they travelled further
as they searched for food...
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00:19:51,160 --> 00:19:53,993
...reaching Asia, the first of our ancestors
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00:19:54,160 --> 00:19:56,310
to tread on this side of the earth,
200
00:19:56,480 --> 00:19:59,278
as far as the southern reaches of China.
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00:20:02,080 --> 00:20:04,958
Their epic journey took thousands of years,
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00:20:05,120 --> 00:20:08,510
and so far did they travel
that when we find them,
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00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:12,719
we even call them
a different name - Homo erectus.
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It is these people whose eyes are the first
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00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:21,468
to see the wonders of the eastern world.
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00:20:25,320 --> 00:20:29,359
(THEY YELL)
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00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:35,475
It's a curious fact that when we find
evidence of these first Asians,
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00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:38,598
we never find the elaborate stone axes
209
00:20:38,760 --> 00:20:41,320
their cousins in Africa made use of.
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00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:47,039
It could be they found
a different tool, easier to work,
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00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:50,192
and in this vast kingdom, all around -
212
00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:56,752
bamboo.
213
00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:17,591
Erectus live in a land
where tools grow like trees.
214
00:21:17,760 --> 00:21:20,399
- Bedeck!
- Bedeck!
215
00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:27,391
(SQUEALING)
216
00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:32,156
Small deer and pigs are everywhere
in the dense bamboo forests...
217
00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:38,240
...but erectus are not fussy.
218
00:21:43,560 --> 00:21:46,711
Te! Guloo! Oot! Oot!
219
00:21:46,880 --> 00:21:50,077
They can easily rethink the menu.
220
00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:16,393
In time, our ancestors will change
the world as no animal before.
221
00:22:16,560 --> 00:22:20,519
Many creatures that get in their way
will be swept aside,
222
00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:22,671
but not today.
223
00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:25,195
For all the confidence of erectus,
224
00:22:25,360 --> 00:22:29,717
there are still things in this new world
with the capacity to scare...
225
00:22:34,920 --> 00:22:40,916
...like the massive Gigantopithecus,
an ancient ape, three metres tall -
226
00:22:41,080 --> 00:22:43,992
the original King Kong.
227
00:22:45,440 --> 00:22:48,352
(THEY YELL)
228
00:23:04,640 --> 00:23:08,110
But in time, the balance of power will shift.
229
00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:10,959
Dobey chay?
230
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Erectus are tough and adaptable,
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00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:20,868
and in this ancient Asian landscape,
they'll do well.
232
00:23:23,840 --> 00:23:28,675
So our big-brained ancestors
are flourishing all over the planet.
233
00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:33,516
It might seem as if the modern world
isn't far off at all...
234
00:23:34,680 --> 00:23:36,511
...but think again.
235
00:23:45,520 --> 00:23:49,035
Travel with me in time, forward a million years,
236
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:52,237
and I'll show you something remarkable -
237
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:57,788
a mystery which shows how hugely different
238
00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:01,794
these ancestors really are from you and me.
239
00:24:09,120 --> 00:24:11,509
We're in Africa again.
240
00:24:11,680 --> 00:24:14,069
We've moved forward a million years,
241
00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:17,312
but our ancestors
haven't moved forward at all.
242
00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:27,515
This is a recently-abandoned kill,
butchered by our ancestors
243
00:24:27,680 --> 00:24:32,196
a million years after we saw them
using their original stone axes.
244
00:24:33,360 --> 00:24:35,635
And what are they using now?
245
00:24:36,640 --> 00:24:39,154
It's another stone hand-axe,
246
00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:42,471
astonishingly, exactly the same
247
00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:46,110
as the axes which ergaster made
a million years before.
248
00:24:48,640 --> 00:24:53,395
In all that time, their technology
hasn't advanced by one degree.
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00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:57,155
It hasn't even occurred to them
to do something as simple
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00:24:57,320 --> 00:25:02,474
as to stick this axe on to the top
of a pole to make a spear.
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00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:08,635
In modern times, we've gone from
the Wright Brothers' first powered flight
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00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:12,031
to space exploration
in less than a hundred years,
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00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:15,351
from telegrams to text messages
in less than ten.
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00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:19,513
Ergaster has achieved nothing new in a million.
255
00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:22,478
Can you imagine such limited ingenuity?
256
00:25:25,080 --> 00:25:30,200
Our ancestors make an axe
like a bird builds a nest.
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00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:33,830
They don't think about it, they just do it.
258
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:38,471
It's no more possible for our ancestors
to invent better technology
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00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:43,270
than for that bird to decide
to cover its nest with a roof.
260
00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:46,591
It's not that our ancestors are stupid,
261
00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:49,991
their brains just don't work like ours do.
262
00:25:59,160 --> 00:26:03,631
It takes something extraordinary
to change this way of thinking -
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00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:08,191
a trigger to set our ancestors' minds racing -
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00:26:08,360 --> 00:26:11,909
and it may be we know what it is.
265
00:26:12,080 --> 00:26:15,516
We don't know precisely
where it happened or when,
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00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:20,674
but some time around now,
our ancestors encountered this.
267
00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:34,316
They would certainly have seen fire before,
from lightning or bush fires,
268
00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:36,630
but there would have been a moment
269
00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:42,432
when they learnt to harness it
for warmth, for safety, as a tool,
270
00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:45,239
and then their lives changed.
271
00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:51,229
Suddenly, like no animal before them,
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00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:53,277
they control their world...
273
00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:58,672
and nightfall doesn't bring danger
but something new -
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00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:02,594
time outside the struggle for survival,
275
00:27:02,760 --> 00:27:05,991
time for the mind to wander.
276
00:27:06,840 --> 00:27:09,798
Perhaps they felt something like we do
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00:27:09,960 --> 00:27:13,794
if we stare into flames in our own time.
278
00:27:14,960 --> 00:27:19,511
Indeed, perhaps it's the shadow
of their prehistoric thoughts
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00:27:19,680 --> 00:27:21,875
which comes to us when we do.
280
00:27:37,160 --> 00:27:39,594
And could it be that fire changed
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00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:43,116
not only the way our ancestors lived,
282
00:27:43,280 --> 00:27:45,271
but how they could think?
283
00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:52,509
That it broke the shackles in their minds
and let their ideas fly free?
284
00:27:53,920 --> 00:28:00,155
That fire, in future generations,
helped them become us?
285
00:28:03,640 --> 00:28:05,631
We'll never know,
286
00:28:05,800 --> 00:28:11,511
but certainly, here in the safe glow
of such an elemental force,
287
00:28:11,680 --> 00:28:14,877
anything does indeed seem possible.
288
00:28:23,280 --> 00:28:26,317
Next on "Walking with Cavemen",
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00:28:26,480 --> 00:28:29,995
a battle for survival in a desperate world,
290
00:28:30,160 --> 00:28:34,711
and the mysterious gift
that completes you and me.