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November 26th, 2007
promises to be an extraordinary day.

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The most advanced scientific
instrument ever build,

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the Large Hadron Collider,
will be switched on.

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This moment could conceivably
trigger a catastrophic event.

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A black hole,

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able to destroy entire cities,

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and Earth itself.

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The scientists behind this experiment
have something quite different in mind.

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We have the outrageous ambition
to understand the world.

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How it works.
That's our objective.

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Their method...

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Nothing less than
recreating the moment that

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exploded everything into existence.

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The Big Bang.

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You can feel by walking
in the laboratories in the world

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that the enthusiasm is increasing
in anticipation of what may happen.

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Whichever scenario awaits us,

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the countdown to this
faithful day has begun.

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Particle physics is a strange job.

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You know,
I go to work every morning

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and my job is to recreate
the conditions that were present

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less than a billionth of a second
after the Big Bang.

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Dr. Brian Cox is among
the 2,000 scientists

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to inhabit a labyrinth of tunnels
deep beneath the suburbs of Geneva.

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Here lies CERN,

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the European Organisation
for Nuclear Research,

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were they're putting
the finishing touches

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to one of sciences
greatest endeavours.

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I think this is the
most exciting place

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in all of science, at the moment.

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This is the LHC.

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This is the machine that's
going to recreate the conditions

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present just after the Big Bang,

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and I can't think of no
better place to be actually.

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This is exciting.

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Just look at it, it's blue.

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Even an exciting colour.

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In just a few months time,

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the LHC,
or Large Hadron Collider,

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will begin this
remarkable experiment.

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The hope is, that in recreating
the moments following the Big Bang,

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we can see how the indivisible units
that make up our universe, were made.

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And that could lead...

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to a complete understanding
of everything.

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Well, the very big questions
that humanity has posed always,

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are, where we come from,
what are we made of,

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what is the future of the universe?

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But the universe,
like everything else,

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is made of little pieces,
which need to be understood

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in order to understand
how the universe works.

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Now, I think we're all
looking forward to finding out

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what's actually out there in Nature.

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We all have our idea's,
we all have our theories

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and we play with them, but,

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want to know what's really going on,
what's really there.

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I think we are
on the verge of a revolution

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in our understanding
of the universe.

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And now, I'm sure people
have said that before, but,

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the LHC is, certainly by far,
the biggest jump into the unknown.

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Should the experiment succeed,

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it will complete a journey,
begun, nearly 14 billion years ago.

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A journey that will take us back
to the very beginning of time.

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The universe came out of nothing.

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It was nowhere,
because, before it,

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there was no time,
there was also no space.

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There was
truly, truly, truly nothing!

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That is to say,
not even a place where it happened.

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Not even a time
at which it happened.

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Somehow, out of this nothing...

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came everything!

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First, dust and gas gathered
to form the stars.

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All 70,000
million million million of them.

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And counting...

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They clustered into
100 billion galaxies,

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spread over a distance of
700 billion trillion kilometres,

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at the very least.

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On the edge
of one of these galaxies,

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9 billion years
after the Big Bang,

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a minor planet was formed.

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It became know as Earth.

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And the reason we know all of this,
is because of a discovery made here,

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just 300 years ago.

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Any time you look
at the universe around you,

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you're always looking at the past.

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And the further out we look,
we deeper we stare into the past.

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That discovery,
was the speed of light.

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And it's this, that allows us
to see back in time.

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Light travels at about
300,000 kilometres a second.

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That sounds very fast,
but still means

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it takes light 8 minutes
to get here from the sun.

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The further out you look,
the further back in time you look.

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It takes light about half an hour
to get here from Jupiter.

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We see Jupiter as it was,
about 30 minutes ago.

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The deeper into space we look,

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the longer the light takes
to get here,

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and so the further
back in time we see.

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The nearest stars,
are about 4 light-years away.

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It takes light 4 years,
to get to us.

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That means when we look out
in space, it's a time machine.

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We're seeing the past
of our universe.

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You know, when we look out
at distant galaxies,

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we're seeing what the
universe was once like.

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If we could see far enough,

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we should in theory be able
to follow the light back,

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little by little,
to the beginning of the universe.

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Astronomers have gone
to ever greater lengths,

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to try and do just this.

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Ah, you did it!

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The quiz is...

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what's the nearest bright star
that we can see from here?

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And the answer is...

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So this is Sirius...

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This is the brightest star
in the Northern Hemisphere.

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The brightest star
in the whole sky.

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8.6 light-years,
that's very good.

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By observing the stars
closest to us,

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we can understand
the evolution of our universe.

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This is a protostar,
a protoplanetary system,

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in the process of formation.

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The beauty of this, is that...

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it's only 150 light-years away,
which means,

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with the biggest telescopes
now on the ground,

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we can see the processes that form
where we came from ourselves.

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So the light left this star,

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about the time of the
US Civil War, give our take.

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Once we're outside
our cluster of galaxies,

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we reach a time
that pre-dates our species.

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So that's the heart
of the Virgo Cluster.

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The light that we're now seeing,
left the galaxies

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at about the time of the
extinction of the dinosaurs

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some 60 of 70 million years ago.

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Some events,
can take us back further still.

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This is M1, the Crab Nebula.

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This is the result of a supernova,
that blew up.

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When the supernova explosion
was going on,

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it can be seen during daylight,
for about a month.

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That's how bright is was.

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Yeah, they typically brighten
10 billion times.

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They're really spectacular.

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These dying stars illuminate the
journey deeper into space and time.

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The advantage of having
them be so brilliant,

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is that they are therefore visible
all the way through the extent

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of the visible universe.

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They really allow us to learn
about the shade of the universe.

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Supernovae have been observed
as far back in time and space

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as 11 billion light-years.

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Yet there is more beyond here.

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Seeing it, requires another
leap of technology.

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When I first met my wife,
she commented that,

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whenever we left the house
or left a restaurant,

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I would always look up at the sky,
to see if I could see the stars.

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I think that looking
at a clear sky at night

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is still one of the great joys
for any observational astronomer,

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even those of us who now
work in the space business.

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Few things can take us
further into the past

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than the Hubble Space Telescope.

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Orbiting nearly 600 kilometres
above us,

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frees it from the distorting effects
of the Earth's atmosphere.

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We can see things
that are approximately

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10 billion times fainter than
you can see with the unaided eye.

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We can easily see
the light from a firefly

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at the distance of the moon.

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Hubble's ability to see
into deep space,

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has produced one of the
most revealing glimpses

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of the early universe we have.

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Yet it started as a shot in the dark.

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We formulated a plan by which
we would point the telescope

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at an otherwise, ordinary
and blank spot in the sky,

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and expose long enough
that we would just be able

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to reveal whatever was there.

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I've got on the screen here
a picture of the sky.

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We, were interested in a part
of the sky called, Fornax

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This tiny piece of sky,

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the size of a pinhead
held at arm's length.

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As the telescope started
to send back images,

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Beckwith couldn't be sure
they would reveal anything new.

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I'm zoomed in
on the first image right here,

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and you see these are galaxies,
these are clearly galaxies,

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but the rest of it,
is just...it's noise.

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Only by amassing a total
of 400 individual images,

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could this dark corner
of the universe be illuminated.

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OK, so now what I'm gonna do is,
I'll build up the image.

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You'll begin to see
faint things here,

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you see these things?

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And indeed,
you can see them coming out.

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You can see all of this?
See how beautiful that is?

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So as you add,
more and more images together,

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pretty soon, now these things
look quite bright.

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In the end,
we exposed the telescope,

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to the sky,
for a million seconds.

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It's the longest exposure
that's ever been taken

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with an optical telescope.

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All of a sudden,
all these faint things

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just emerged clean from the noise

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and that's the process,
that's how it works.

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If I had another million seconds,
it would look even better.

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The result of this
painstaking process,

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is an image that can take us back
more than 13 billion years.

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So we're flying now,
into the universe

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and we're going back in time...

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and as we zoom in
farther an farther,

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you will come up to the point
where here we have

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what ultimately becomes
the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

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# The stars #

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# light up my life... #

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These little circles here,
show you places

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where we think we've detected
the most distant galaxies

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that people have ever seen,
in the universe.

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And we'll zoom in
on a couple of these

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just so that you can see them.

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Traveling this far back,

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we see the universe in its infancy.

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This is a place where
galaxies are barely formed,

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and yet to take on, the
distinctive shapes of later ones.

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If you look out
to the most distant galaxies.

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you don't see any galaxies
that look like the nearby ones.

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You see no spiral galaxies.

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You see no regular
elliptical galaxies.

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You see nothing
that looks familiar.

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We are looking back to a time
when the universe was so young,

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it actually looks different.

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And this is a palpable demonstration
of the whole idea of the Big Bang.

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Hubble Ultra Deep Field can take
us to within 700 million years

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of this first moment.

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It is as far as today's technology
can allow us to see into to past.

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We're already getting
close to the point

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where going farther back
will not reveal very much

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because at some point, at some time,
there weren't any stars,

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and so there's really
nothing to see.

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And we are very close
to that time in this image.

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We are almost at what
I would call the visual edge

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of the observable universe.

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Beyond here, lies a time before there
were enough stars to illuminate space.

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A place called,
the Cosmic Dark Ages.

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Yet, buried deep
within this darkness,

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is the earliest picture
we have of our universe.

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Hello?

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Hello?

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Is there anyone out there?

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This vision first came to light here,
more than 40 years ago.

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Ever since, it has been
a landmark for astronomers.

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Last time I was here
was about 25 years ago,

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and it was pretty exciting
to come here, and...

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kind of exciting to come back.
I haven't been back since.

245
00:18:21,151 --> 00:18:22,747
And this is were it all started.

246
00:18:25,811 --> 00:18:27,665
What led to the discovery
of this image

247
00:18:27,745 --> 00:18:30,908
was an earlier advance in
ways of seeing into space.

248
00:18:36,024 --> 00:18:38,632
Since the 1930's
astronomers had realised

249
00:18:38,712 --> 00:18:41,100
that in addition to what
the human eye could see,

250
00:18:41,686 --> 00:18:45,070
the universe could be observed
through invisible light.

251
00:18:48,284 --> 00:18:52,192
Light from the ultraviolet,
infra-red, and even radio wavelengths

252
00:18:52,272 --> 00:18:55,659
could all reveal hitherto
unknown details about space,

253
00:18:56,539 --> 00:18:58,041
so long as you have the know-how.

254
00:18:59,317 --> 00:19:00,541
So what you've got to do,

255
00:19:00,699 --> 00:19:03,050
is swing this thing
all the way around,

256
00:19:03,268 --> 00:19:04,989
so that's pointing up at the sky,

257
00:19:05,289 --> 00:19:07,540
and then, map the sky.

258
00:19:12,894 --> 00:19:15,447
So the signal comes in,
hits the horn...

259
00:19:16,108 --> 00:19:17,430
bounces off the horn...

260
00:19:17,647 --> 00:19:19,773
and is brought,
to the receivers over there.

261
00:19:20,395 --> 00:19:23,556
Into this room,
which is awful looking.

262
00:19:24,502 --> 00:19:25,591
What a mess!

263
00:19:28,257 --> 00:19:29,233
See what's here.

264
00:19:29,871 --> 00:19:30,600
Here we go.

265
00:19:31,542 --> 00:19:33,746
There's the surface,
of the horn.

266
00:19:33,826 --> 00:19:35,233
Look right straight down there.

267
00:19:35,390 --> 00:19:38,101
So the signal comes up,
comes through here.

268
00:19:38,792 --> 00:19:40,166
You put your detector here,

269
00:19:40,380 --> 00:19:41,566
and pick up the signal.

270
00:19:43,901 --> 00:19:46,599
It was not until 1964,
when two astronomers

271
00:19:46,679 --> 00:19:48,857
took up residence
in the horn antenna,

272
00:19:49,005 --> 00:19:51,779
that this new way of seeing
came into its own.

273
00:19:53,537 --> 00:19:56,670
Here's the phone numbers.
There's Bob Wilson.

274
00:19:57,678 --> 00:19:59,424
Up here we have...

275
00:19:59,966 --> 00:20:01,430
Arno Penzias.

276
00:20:06,755 --> 00:20:11,026
Arno Penzias and Bob Wilson had
simply set out to observe our galaxy.

277
00:20:11,449 --> 00:20:15,221
Seeing the invisible light waves
with their specialized telescope.

278
00:20:17,815 --> 00:20:19,567
But before they could
even get started,

279
00:20:19,647 --> 00:20:21,143
they ran into problems.

280
00:20:22,704 --> 00:20:25,165
The telescope kept picking up
an interference.

281
00:20:25,566 --> 00:20:27,871
A constant background signal
that prevented them

282
00:20:27,951 --> 00:20:29,946
from taking any useful readings.

283
00:20:32,918 --> 00:20:35,943
I have to imagine they spent
most of their time in here,

284
00:20:36,023 --> 00:20:37,337
scratching their heads,

285
00:20:37,417 --> 00:20:40,870
trying to figure out why
they were picking up the signal.

286
00:20:41,493 --> 00:20:44,069
You know, they thought
everything was working perfectly,

287
00:20:44,149 --> 00:20:46,107
there shouldn't be
any background signal,

288
00:20:46,187 --> 00:20:47,384
yet it was there.

289
00:20:55,141 --> 00:20:57,146
They began looking
for a source for the signal.

290
00:20:57,770 --> 00:20:59,265
But with no obvious cause,

291
00:20:59,788 --> 00:21:01,536
everything around them
was suspected.

292
00:21:04,293 --> 00:21:05,743
Old parts were replaced.

293
00:21:06,141 --> 00:21:09,020
Even a pair of pigeons,
roosting in the horn were evicted,

294
00:21:09,290 --> 00:21:10,828
just in case their
droppings were to blame.

295
00:21:12,701 --> 00:21:14,557
Still, the signal persisted.

296
00:21:16,328 --> 00:21:18,658
What would people think if
we were to publish this result?

297
00:21:19,754 --> 00:21:21,257
When we started out,
it was a nuisance.

298
00:21:21,642 --> 00:21:24,413
Then it got to be a puzzle
and finally an embarrassment.

299
00:21:27,598 --> 00:21:30,961
After a whole year of failing
to locate a source for the signal,

300
00:21:31,684 --> 00:21:34,728
only one remarkable
possibility remained.

301
00:21:35,601 --> 00:21:37,494
We eliminated just about everything.

302
00:21:37,574 --> 00:21:39,533
And then the only possibility was,

303
00:21:39,687 --> 00:21:42,113
that it was coming from
some place outside our galaxy,

304
00:21:42,193 --> 00:21:44,069
and that seemed
like such a far-out idea,

305
00:21:44,489 --> 00:21:47,067
we just didn't know
what to do with that result.

306
00:21:52,383 --> 00:21:55,106
Eventually they shared their
findings with other astronomers,

307
00:21:56,160 --> 00:21:57,927
and were made to realise
that they had stumbled

308
00:21:58,007 --> 00:21:59,829
across something quite incredible.

309
00:22:06,283 --> 00:22:09,897
The signal was the last remnant
of light from the Big Bang.

310
00:22:12,391 --> 00:22:15,464
These light waves had survived
since those first moments.

311
00:22:16,432 --> 00:22:19,089
But the expansion of the universe
had stretched them out,

312
00:22:19,227 --> 00:22:20,953
until they had become invisible.

313
00:22:24,926 --> 00:22:26,827
Nearly 14 billion years later,

314
00:22:27,654 --> 00:22:30,752
they had found their way into
Penzias' and Wilson's telescope.

315
00:22:34,269 --> 00:22:35,910
They won the Nobel Prize for that.

316
00:22:36,091 --> 00:22:37,731
Yeah, and well deserved.

317
00:22:37,811 --> 00:22:41,230
I mean, it was a great discovery
that opened up a whole field.

318
00:22:50,113 --> 00:22:52,876
The ancient light that
Penzias and Wilson discovered,

319
00:22:52,956 --> 00:22:56,430
continues to yield clues to
the nature of the early universe.

320
00:22:59,359 --> 00:23:01,209
Professor David Spergel
has examined it

321
00:23:01,289 --> 00:23:04,128
with the very latest generation
of space telescopes:

322
00:23:04,661 --> 00:23:06,284
the WMAP satellite.

323
00:23:09,749 --> 00:23:11,703
So, what we're seeing
is the oldest light.

324
00:23:11,974 --> 00:23:15,194
And it gives us, kind of,
since we're looking back in time,

325
00:23:15,274 --> 00:23:18,807
this fossil picture of what
the universe was once like.

326
00:23:19,154 --> 00:23:22,025
And we're really seeing...
the universe as baby picture.

327
00:23:22,213 --> 00:23:24,075
What it was like in its infancy.

328
00:23:29,295 --> 00:23:32,276
By recording the varying
intensities of this light,

329
00:23:32,569 --> 00:23:36,216
WMAP reveals how
the universe would unfold.

330
00:23:42,430 --> 00:23:44,589
Within these differently
coloured ripples,

331
00:23:45,328 --> 00:23:48,895
can be seen the areas that would
later become star forming regions,

332
00:23:49,623 --> 00:23:51,190
and eventually galaxies.

333
00:23:52,075 --> 00:23:54,750
We can really use
the observations to tell us,

334
00:23:54,830 --> 00:23:57,869
a tremendous amount about
the properties of the universe.

335
00:23:58,209 --> 00:24:01,098
Its composition,
its age, its geometry.

336
00:24:01,178 --> 00:24:03,036
And what happened
at its first moments.

337
00:24:07,688 --> 00:24:09,696
In all, WMAP can take us back

338
00:24:09,776 --> 00:24:13,035
to within just 400,000 years
of the Big Bang.

339
00:24:21,807 --> 00:24:23,219
But one fact remains.

340
00:24:24,469 --> 00:24:27,533
While we can now paint a picture
of the universe as an infant,

341
00:24:29,019 --> 00:24:31,122
we still can't watch its birth.

342
00:24:31,991 --> 00:24:33,976
Before this,
the universe was so dense,

343
00:24:34,056 --> 00:24:36,065
that light simply couldn't escape.

344
00:24:40,525 --> 00:24:43,781
It is a part of the story
that will always be invisible.

345
00:24:45,526 --> 00:24:47,140
To see further back,

346
00:24:47,448 --> 00:24:50,679
we have to return to the
other end of time and space.

347
00:25:04,471 --> 00:25:06,742
It's a journey back
through the first stars.

348
00:25:11,081 --> 00:25:13,020
Back through the spiral galaxies.

349
00:25:14,738 --> 00:25:16,381
Back through our solar system.

350
00:25:18,247 --> 00:25:22,640
In all, through nearly 14 billion
years of cosmological evolution,

351
00:25:23,556 --> 00:25:24,579
to the planet Earth.

352
00:25:29,026 --> 00:25:30,078
More precisely,

353
00:25:30,420 --> 00:25:33,612
to a network of tunnels that
straddle the French-Swiss border.

354
00:25:41,246 --> 00:25:43,060
The machine under construction here,

355
00:25:43,181 --> 00:25:45,985
the Large Hadron Collider or LHC,

356
00:25:46,448 --> 00:25:50,013
promises to show us the moment
that Nature has hidden from our view.

357
00:25:52,131 --> 00:25:54,639
The moment just after the Big Bang.

358
00:26:04,041 --> 00:26:06,799
What it does, it recreates the
conditions that were present

359
00:26:06,879 --> 00:26:10,011
less than a billionth of a second
after the Big Bang,

360
00:26:10,091 --> 00:26:13,473
but in a controlled environment
inside giant detectors.

361
00:26:16,265 --> 00:26:18,187
You can repeat that
over and over again,

362
00:26:18,267 --> 00:26:20,428
and study it in exquisite detail.

363
00:26:20,508 --> 00:26:22,701
So, in some ways,
it's almost better

364
00:26:22,781 --> 00:26:25,534
than going back to the start
of the universe and watching

365
00:26:25,614 --> 00:26:27,694
because you only get
one chance to watch it.

366
00:26:31,324 --> 00:26:34,665
So just how do you go about
building a Big Bang machine?

367
00:26:40,127 --> 00:26:42,749
First, burrow down 100 metres.

368
00:26:43,270 --> 00:26:47,344
Drill through the rock, until you
have a 27 kilometre circular tunnel.

369
00:26:52,576 --> 00:26:55,406
Fill this with 2,000
superconducting magnets,

370
00:26:55,694 --> 00:26:57,412
and you have
a particle accelerator.

371
00:27:05,090 --> 00:27:06,060
Around the tunnel,

372
00:27:06,140 --> 00:27:09,724
cast vast chambers,
each the size of a cathedral.

373
00:27:11,980 --> 00:27:12,985
Inside these,

374
00:27:13,065 --> 00:27:16,043
engineer the most complex
cameras ever made,

375
00:27:16,123 --> 00:27:17,421
to detect the particles.

376
00:27:21,015 --> 00:27:23,733
So after nearly two decades
hard work and having sunk

377
00:27:23,813 --> 00:27:27,699
around 2/3 of the six billion dollar
budget into the building alone,

378
00:27:28,149 --> 00:27:31,438
you can at last,
contemplate the experiment.

379
00:27:32,067 --> 00:27:34,381
So we're going to enter
the underground experiment cavern,

380
00:27:34,461 --> 00:27:36,230
we are about 100 metres underground.

381
00:27:36,433 --> 00:27:38,980
Some of the technologies
we're using did not exist,

382
00:27:39,257 --> 00:27:43,290
about 16 years ago when we started
actually designing these detectors

383
00:27:43,370 --> 00:27:46,597
and thinking about doing
experiments at the LHC.

384
00:27:50,011 --> 00:27:53,775
Once the machine is running,
subatomic particles called protons

385
00:27:53,855 --> 00:27:57,171
will be accelerated until they
are close to the speed of light.

386
00:28:00,199 --> 00:28:04,187
So there's a beam of protons which
comes at about this level, one way,

387
00:28:04,267 --> 00:28:07,660
and there's a counter-rotating beam
of protons coming the other way,

388
00:28:07,740 --> 00:28:09,871
and they collide head-on.

389
00:28:12,842 --> 00:28:15,906
Every second there will
be 800 million collisions.

390
00:28:19,037 --> 00:28:21,235
Just a tiny fraction
will be of interest.

391
00:28:23,495 --> 00:28:24,980
As the protons fragment,

392
00:28:25,357 --> 00:28:27,952
a magnetic field
generated by the detector,

393
00:28:28,032 --> 00:28:30,669
separates out the
different types of matter.

394
00:28:33,608 --> 00:28:36,476
Among these pieces
may be found the indivisible units

395
00:28:36,556 --> 00:28:38,630
that make up our entire universe.

396
00:28:42,351 --> 00:28:43,199
Some will exist

397
00:28:43,279 --> 00:28:46,966
for just one thousandth of a
billionth of a billionth of a second.

398
00:28:50,238 --> 00:28:51,762
And in these fleeting images,

399
00:28:52,393 --> 00:28:55,590
we can glimpse the first moments
following the Big Bang.

400
00:28:55,766 --> 00:28:57,958
So what we're trying
to do is to find out,

401
00:28:58,038 --> 00:29:00,488
what Nature was like
at that instant.

402
00:29:02,323 --> 00:29:06,151
The scale of the forces at work
in this process are unprecedented.

403
00:29:06,518 --> 00:29:09,275
The experiment,
a step into the unknown.

404
00:29:11,115 --> 00:29:12,800
Some believe,
it is the only way

405
00:29:12,880 --> 00:29:15,564
we can grasp the reality
of our universe.

406
00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:18,052
We're actually at a point where

407
00:29:18,285 --> 00:29:21,930
only experiments can tell us
what the way forward is.

408
00:29:29,154 --> 00:29:32,312
Yet there remains a risk that
the LHC may be opening the door

409
00:29:32,392 --> 00:29:34,072
to more than we ever imagined.

410
00:29:38,013 --> 00:29:42,639
One possibility is discovering the
existence of other unseen worlds,

411
00:29:42,915 --> 00:29:44,027
alongside us.

412
00:29:46,090 --> 00:29:49,095
We certainly seem to think
we see three dimensions of space,

413
00:29:49,175 --> 00:29:51,503
up-down, left-right,
forward-backwards,

414
00:29:51,721 --> 00:29:55,115
but there could be other dimensions
that we just don't observe.

415
00:29:55,195 --> 00:29:57,461
It might not even be that
light travels in those dimensions

416
00:29:57,541 --> 00:29:59,391
which might explain
why we don't see them,

417
00:29:59,471 --> 00:30:02,064
or they could be very tiny, which
could explain why we don't see them.

418
00:30:02,144 --> 00:30:05,278
But these other dimensions,
are dimensions outside the ones

419
00:30:05,358 --> 00:30:06,682
that we experience directly.

420
00:30:09,588 --> 00:30:11,775
Should these
extra dimensions be real,

421
00:30:11,855 --> 00:30:13,838
the LHC could unveil them.

422
00:30:16,614 --> 00:30:19,137
The proof of their existence
would be stranger yet.

423
00:30:20,459 --> 00:30:22,164
Matter simply vanishing.

424
00:30:24,884 --> 00:30:26,941
In effect, a black hole.

425
00:30:28,693 --> 00:30:31,825
Could you make black holes?
And it's possible that,

426
00:30:31,905 --> 00:30:35,354
if we get to high enough energies,
that we will be able to see,

427
00:30:35,434 --> 00:30:38,250
evidence that there were
higher dimensional black holes.

428
00:30:40,334 --> 00:30:42,617
These black holes
could conceivably grow,

429
00:30:45,009 --> 00:30:47,088
dragging gravity
and everything with it

430
00:30:47,168 --> 00:30:49,787
into an extra, unseen dimension.

431
00:30:52,301 --> 00:30:53,582
The chances of this happening

432
00:30:53,662 --> 00:30:56,507
are according to the scientists,
extremely small.

433
00:30:57,610 --> 00:30:59,173
These black holes
wouldn't be dangerous.

434
00:30:59,253 --> 00:31:00,198
They would decay right away.

435
00:31:02,118 --> 00:31:03,382
These black holes,

436
00:31:03,720 --> 00:31:06,076
actually evaporate
as soon as they're produced.

437
00:31:06,470 --> 00:31:08,934
So it's almost impossible,
that these black holes

438
00:31:09,014 --> 00:31:13,617
can devour the experiment
or Geneva or the Earth.

439
00:31:19,470 --> 00:31:20,975
Instead of destroying the Earth,

440
00:31:21,055 --> 00:31:23,879
these scientists hope
to answer the ultimate question.

441
00:31:24,784 --> 00:31:26,940
By going back to the
beginning of the universe,

442
00:31:27,570 --> 00:31:28,985
they hope to come up
with nothing less

443
00:31:29,065 --> 00:31:31,032
than an explanation
for everything.

444
00:31:33,682 --> 00:31:35,255
The further back in time you look,

445
00:31:35,335 --> 00:31:37,890
so you go back to
hotter and hotter conditions,

446
00:31:37,970 --> 00:31:41,627
back towards the Big Bang,
the simpler thing appear to be.

447
00:31:48,201 --> 00:31:50,304
To understand the universe today,

448
00:31:50,384 --> 00:31:51,850
it's just too complicated.

449
00:31:51,930 --> 00:31:55,580
You can't look at a person
or a planet or a star,

450
00:31:55,660 --> 00:31:57,940
and work out what the
fundamental building blocks are.

451
00:31:58,020 --> 00:31:59,169
It's too difficult.

452
00:32:03,264 --> 00:32:05,032
But if you go back
to those early times,

453
00:32:05,112 --> 00:32:08,083
all that's there,
is a very simple structure.

454
00:32:08,163 --> 00:32:10,591
Just a few particles
and a few forces.

455
00:32:10,671 --> 00:32:15,468
And then you can begin to try
and understand how that simplicity

456
00:32:15,548 --> 00:32:18,013
evolved into the complexity
that we see today.

457
00:32:26,648 --> 00:32:30,042
This dream has been the
pursuit of scientists for years.

458
00:32:35,271 --> 00:32:37,297
Few have been more
successful in the search

459
00:32:37,377 --> 00:32:39,744
than particle hunter Leon Lederman.

460
00:32:45,236 --> 00:32:47,248
And few have been more rewarded.

461
00:32:47,428 --> 00:32:50,283
Well this is a very important room,
I have all my medals here.

462
00:32:50,653 --> 00:32:52,590
That's the Enrico Fermi Award.

463
00:32:52,770 --> 00:32:54,202
This is that one.

464
00:32:55,025 --> 00:32:57,071
There's the president
of the United States.

465
00:32:57,151 --> 00:32:59,392
That's Lyndon Johnson.

466
00:32:59,684 --> 00:33:01,233
And that's another president.

467
00:33:01,502 --> 00:33:03,030
I think his name was Clinton.

468
00:33:03,463 --> 00:33:05,190
National Medal of Science.

469
00:33:05,758 --> 00:33:09,348
This is...Alfred Nobel.

470
00:33:10,940 --> 00:33:12,106
Whoops...

471
00:33:12,186 --> 00:33:16,971
I guess I damaged this,
the...Nobel Medal.

472
00:33:17,815 --> 00:33:20,310
It is rather nice.
It's mostly gold.

473
00:33:20,474 --> 00:33:21,857
We have all kinds
of other medals here.

474
00:33:21,937 --> 00:33:22,469
I have a...

475
00:33:22,660 --> 00:33:26,268
important medal which is
'Perfect Attendance in 6th Grade'.

476
00:33:33,039 --> 00:33:34,776
Within the course
of his own lifetime,

477
00:33:35,727 --> 00:33:38,493
Lederman has transformed
our understanding of the universe.

478
00:33:41,936 --> 00:33:44,693
It's not true
that I watched the Big Bang.

479
00:33:45,679 --> 00:33:46,781
People are lying.

480
00:33:47,485 --> 00:33:50,072
But in the late 40's, early 50's,

481
00:33:50,486 --> 00:33:52,487
we didn't know anything
about these particles.

482
00:33:52,567 --> 00:33:54,230
We knew about atoms, but,

483
00:33:54,364 --> 00:33:57,140
we had no idea
of the complexity of matter.

484
00:34:00,468 --> 00:34:04,042
Lieberman's discoveries have taken us
deeper into the nature of matter,

485
00:34:04,795 --> 00:34:08,710
peeling away the layers of the atom
to reach ever smaller particles.

486
00:34:09,587 --> 00:34:11,967
The moment of discovery is really...

487
00:34:12,047 --> 00:34:13,509
a series of moments.

488
00:34:13,589 --> 00:34:16,430
The experiment is working,
we think it's OK.

489
00:34:16,510 --> 00:34:18,581
And then finally,
"Hey, look at that!"

490
00:34:18,661 --> 00:34:19,508
"There's an event!"

491
00:34:23,891 --> 00:34:26,709
Eventually,
get enough data, to say,

492
00:34:26,789 --> 00:34:28,473
we're beginning to see...

493
00:34:28,683 --> 00:34:30,439
a class of particles,

494
00:34:30,841 --> 00:34:33,354
that must have
a very important role,

495
00:34:33,488 --> 00:34:34,984
in the evolution of the universe.

496
00:34:41,636 --> 00:34:44,865
Part of the secret
to Lederman's success, is timing.

497
00:34:52,444 --> 00:34:55,376
He came to physics,
just as scientists were testing

498
00:34:55,456 --> 00:34:57,131
the radical theories
that had arisen

499
00:34:57,211 --> 00:34:59,316
in the first half
of the 20th century.

500
00:35:04,116 --> 00:35:07,652
The most astonishing was
encapsulated in just 5 characters.

501
00:35:08,605 --> 00:35:10,414
It was Special Relativity...

502
00:35:10,494 --> 00:35:11,544
by Albert Einstein.

503
00:35:19,710 --> 00:35:23,071
This equation stated that "E",
meaning energy,

504
00:35:23,151 --> 00:35:24,675
and "M", or mass...

505
00:35:26,292 --> 00:35:27,747
are inextricably linked.

506
00:35:32,778 --> 00:35:35,183
That basically says
that energy and mass,

507
00:35:35,670 --> 00:35:37,173
are two sides of the same coin.

508
00:35:37,253 --> 00:35:40,101
They're basically the same thing
and they're interchangeable.

509
00:35:41,373 --> 00:35:43,676
In this idea, I think
Einstein was truly the first.

510
00:35:43,781 --> 00:35:45,486
Mass is just a form of energy.

511
00:35:45,976 --> 00:35:48,074
That was a very deep
insight of Einstein,

512
00:35:48,154 --> 00:35:50,072
there's absolutely
no question and,

513
00:35:50,152 --> 00:35:52,305
there was no precedent
for that idea.

514
00:35:56,420 --> 00:35:57,701
After Einstein,

515
00:35:58,260 --> 00:36:02,645
matter, could be seen as just a
highly concentrated form of energy.

516
00:36:03,320 --> 00:36:05,335
Energy, that could be unleashed.

517
00:36:10,500 --> 00:36:13,368
But the really extraordinary thing
about the equation,

518
00:36:13,567 --> 00:36:15,310
was that it worked both ways.

519
00:36:18,077 --> 00:36:20,458
Energy, could also make matter.

520
00:36:23,802 --> 00:36:26,644
This insight, would open the door
to a mysterious world

521
00:36:26,724 --> 00:36:28,924
that had been
beyond the reach of science.

522
00:36:29,618 --> 00:36:32,293
The world that contained
the secrets of the universe.

523
00:36:32,817 --> 00:36:34,224
The world of the subatomic.

524
00:36:39,830 --> 00:36:42,218
By subjecting atoms
to high energies,

525
00:36:42,889 --> 00:36:45,111
scientists could reveal
the types of matter,

526
00:36:45,191 --> 00:36:47,968
that until then,
had been hidden from view.

527
00:36:52,305 --> 00:36:53,538
The greater the energy,

528
00:36:53,618 --> 00:36:55,777
the deeper they could peer
into this world.

529
00:36:56,288 --> 00:36:58,868
Until they reached
the final level of all.

530
00:36:59,279 --> 00:37:00,826
The indivisible building blocks

531
00:37:00,906 --> 00:37:03,250
that make up everything
we see in the universe.

532
00:37:03,768 --> 00:37:05,518
The fundamental particles.

533
00:37:09,704 --> 00:37:12,708
In effect, they were winding
the clock back toward the moment

534
00:37:12,788 --> 00:37:15,289
when energy first became matter.

535
00:37:17,341 --> 00:37:18,423
The Big Bang.

536
00:37:22,795 --> 00:37:25,349
The up quark, the down quark,
the electron,

537
00:37:25,452 --> 00:37:26,630
the electron-neutrino...

538
00:37:27,215 --> 00:37:29,233
the W+, the W-

539
00:37:30,217 --> 00:37:31,977
As they made their discoveries,

540
00:37:32,057 --> 00:37:35,192
scientists began to name
these fundamental particles.

541
00:37:36,713 --> 00:37:41,223
Charm quark, the strange quark,
the muon, the mu-neutrino...

542
00:37:43,650 --> 00:37:45,512
With these building blocks,

543
00:37:45,805 --> 00:37:48,501
they came to a remarkable
understanding of the world.

544
00:37:48,581 --> 00:37:52,819
The top quark, the bottom quark,
the tau, and the tau-neutrino...

545
00:37:54,963 --> 00:37:58,050
Now, they could explain
what anything and everything,

546
00:37:58,130 --> 00:37:59,236
is made of.

547
00:38:00,620 --> 00:38:01,626
The Z particle,

548
00:38:02,124 --> 00:38:02,864
and the photon.

549
00:38:06,130 --> 00:38:08,078
This list of exotic names,

550
00:38:08,158 --> 00:38:10,476
was simply called,
the Standard Model.

551
00:38:11,419 --> 00:38:12,714
That's the Standard Model.

552
00:38:13,287 --> 00:38:14,019
Oh, no...

553
00:38:14,704 --> 00:38:15,633
the gluon.

554
00:38:16,497 --> 00:38:17,783
I forget the gluon.

555
00:38:20,780 --> 00:38:23,289
It appeared the be,
the perfect theory.

556
00:38:23,972 --> 00:38:25,829
The Standard Model
was a fabulous achievement.

557
00:38:25,909 --> 00:38:28,245
It describes the most
basic elements of matter.

558
00:38:30,294 --> 00:38:32,640
Even though we can't see
those particles in our daily lives,

559
00:38:32,720 --> 00:38:35,926
we do know, how they interact,
and we know they're there.

560
00:38:36,058 --> 00:38:38,986
And that they are fundamentally,
what matter is made up off.

561
00:38:39,066 --> 00:38:40,747
It's beautifully precise.

562
00:38:40,910 --> 00:38:41,827
Arguably,

563
00:38:41,967 --> 00:38:44,551
the most precise mathematical
theory ever constructed.

564
00:38:49,461 --> 00:38:51,787
The Standard Model,
amounts to just 12

565
00:38:51,892 --> 00:38:54,402
unfathomably small matter particles.

566
00:38:56,881 --> 00:38:59,848
Lederman was among the first
to set eyes on two of them.

567
00:39:02,093 --> 00:39:02,674
To this day,

568
00:39:02,754 --> 00:39:05,950
he continues to work at the site
of some of his greatest discoveries.

569
00:39:07,025 --> 00:39:09,107
Fermilab, near Chicago.

570
00:39:18,707 --> 00:39:21,441
Until the completion
of the LHC at CERN,

571
00:39:21,854 --> 00:39:24,872
this collider,
6 kilometres in circumference,

572
00:39:25,270 --> 00:39:27,193
remains the worlds most powerful.

573
00:39:33,670 --> 00:39:37,642
Here, they can take us closer
to the Big Bang, than anywhere else.

574
00:39:45,138 --> 00:39:45,864
Hi!

575
00:40:03,667 --> 00:40:05,728
This looks very...
very 'Hollywood'.

576
00:40:05,808 --> 00:40:07,975
We never really
forget the kind of...

577
00:40:08,096 --> 00:40:09,139
the kind of...

578
00:40:09,219 --> 00:40:10,857
appearance you had on Star Trek.

579
00:40:18,004 --> 00:40:19,862
Despite his past successes,

580
00:40:20,181 --> 00:40:22,955
Lederman's search for the
fundamental nature of reality,

581
00:40:23,035 --> 00:40:24,321
is not yet over.

582
00:40:26,139 --> 00:40:30,362
We have the outrageous ambition
to understand the world.

583
00:40:30,442 --> 00:40:32,165
How it works.
That's our objective.

584
00:40:32,245 --> 00:40:34,337
We're confident, that...

585
00:40:35,436 --> 00:40:37,088
what we're doing here,

586
00:40:37,220 --> 00:40:39,586
is something that is
going to be valuable

587
00:40:39,784 --> 00:40:41,714
for human existence on this planet.

588
00:40:44,215 --> 00:40:47,584
The reason the search goes on,
is because not all is perfect

589
00:40:47,664 --> 00:40:49,684
with our understanding
of the universe.

590
00:40:51,052 --> 00:40:53,238
The Standard Model
may explain much,

591
00:40:53,649 --> 00:40:54,923
but it's not complete.

592
00:40:56,065 --> 00:40:58,582
Something fundamental
is yet to be found.

593
00:40:59,875 --> 00:41:01,065
There's something,

594
00:41:01,305 --> 00:41:03,896
spooky about this Standard Model.

595
00:41:04,064 --> 00:41:05,464
It doesn't really work.

596
00:41:05,610 --> 00:41:08,347
So we know that there is
something sick in our theory.

597
00:41:11,173 --> 00:41:12,077
The thing that is missing,

598
00:41:12,157 --> 00:41:15,288
is the thing that gives the
fundamental particles substance.

599
00:41:16,046 --> 00:41:18,230
That turns them
into matter we can touch.

600
00:41:19,621 --> 00:41:20,718
It's called 'mass'.

601
00:41:28,366 --> 00:41:30,757
There's a big hole
in our knowledge, appeared.

602
00:41:30,938 --> 00:41:34,475
And the hole is related to,
what mass is.

603
00:41:39,730 --> 00:41:42,104
Why does the stuff
that makes up you and me...

604
00:41:43,054 --> 00:41:44,093
Well, why is it stuff?

605
00:41:44,173 --> 00:41:45,246
And why is it solid?

606
00:41:47,427 --> 00:41:48,509
Without mass,

607
00:41:49,398 --> 00:41:52,714
the fundamental particles would
all travel at the speed of light.

608
00:41:54,620 --> 00:41:57,377
The universe that we see,
simply wouldn't have formed.

609
00:41:59,275 --> 00:42:00,456
Well of course,
there would be nothing there.

610
00:42:00,536 --> 00:42:02,023
I mean,
there would just be radiation.

611
00:42:02,103 --> 00:42:05,605
The fact that matter can clump,
relies on the fact that there's mass.

612
00:42:07,980 --> 00:42:09,011
The masses that we see

613
00:42:09,091 --> 00:42:11,812
are essential to the nature
of matter as we know it.

614
00:42:18,681 --> 00:42:20,611
In order to solve this puzzle,

615
00:42:20,844 --> 00:42:22,971
to connect the discoveries
of the Standard Model

616
00:42:23,051 --> 00:42:24,748
with the world we see around us,

617
00:42:25,612 --> 00:42:27,790
scientists had to come up
with a new theory.

618
00:42:31,815 --> 00:42:34,209
The best theory we have
at the moment,

619
00:42:34,289 --> 00:42:37,443
for the origin of mass,
for what makes stuff, stuff,

620
00:42:37,523 --> 00:42:39,297
is called, the Higgs Mechanism.

621
00:42:41,977 --> 00:42:45,162
And the Higgs Mechanism works
by filling the universe with,

622
00:42:45,479 --> 00:42:46,701
with...'a thing'.

623
00:42:46,781 --> 00:42:48,735
It's almost like treacle.

624
00:42:53,290 --> 00:42:55,310
By 'the universe",
I don't just mean

625
00:42:55,456 --> 00:42:57,274
the void between
the stars and the planets.

626
00:42:57,354 --> 00:42:58,919
I mean,
the room in front of you.

627
00:43:03,091 --> 00:43:05,790
Some particles move
through the Higgs Field,

628
00:43:05,928 --> 00:43:09,111
and talk to the Higgs Field
and slow down.

629
00:43:09,191 --> 00:43:10,352
And they're the heavy particles.

630
00:43:10,432 --> 00:43:12,750
So, all the particles
that make up your body,

631
00:43:12,830 --> 00:43:15,993
are heavy, because they're
talking to the Higgs Field.

632
00:43:21,471 --> 00:43:24,903
Some other particles,
like particles of light, photons,

633
00:43:25,327 --> 00:43:26,914
don't talk to the Higgs at all,

634
00:43:26,994 --> 00:43:28,633
and move through
at the speed of light.

635
00:43:35,188 --> 00:43:38,153
The Higgs Field is the missing
piece in the Standard Model.

636
00:43:39,250 --> 00:43:42,320
It can explain, how we can
have a world of solid objects,

637
00:43:42,735 --> 00:43:45,205
from particles that
appear to have no mass.

638
00:43:46,576 --> 00:43:50,016
The Higgs,
brings simplicity and beauty

639
00:43:50,096 --> 00:43:52,801
to a Nature which
looks too complicated.

640
00:43:53,004 --> 00:43:57,251
It introduces a kind of symmetry
and a kind of beauty to Nature,

641
00:43:57,331 --> 00:44:01,315
which gives us an understanding
of one of the most puzzling features

642
00:44:01,395 --> 00:44:02,986
of the Standard Model.

643
00:44:06,247 --> 00:44:08,757
Lederman now believes
that finding the Higgs

644
00:44:08,837 --> 00:44:10,818
is the key to his ultimate goal.

645
00:44:12,431 --> 00:44:15,630
A complete theory
of how the universe works.

646
00:44:18,957 --> 00:44:20,340
If, in fact,

647
00:44:20,830 --> 00:44:23,156
we can get over
the Higgs particle,

648
00:44:23,456 --> 00:44:25,742
it may be that we
can go a long way,

649
00:44:25,822 --> 00:44:28,800
towards the horizon
of a total understanding.

650
00:44:33,069 --> 00:44:35,684
To prove the existence
of the Higgs Field,

651
00:44:36,036 --> 00:44:38,774
scientists have to find
the particle linked with it.

652
00:44:43,476 --> 00:44:46,213
Yet in the 40 years
since it was first thought of,

653
00:44:46,379 --> 00:44:47,584
no one has...

654
00:44:48,322 --> 00:44:49,987
And none have tried
harder than Lederman.

655
00:44:54,311 --> 00:44:57,565
Now his hopes of ever seeing
this particle, lie elsewhere.

656
00:45:01,909 --> 00:45:03,150
With the LHC.

657
00:45:05,086 --> 00:45:08,458
This is like a huge
new microscope,

658
00:45:08,735 --> 00:45:10,563
that will bring us,

659
00:45:10,643 --> 00:45:13,746
visibility,
to a different world.

660
00:45:15,310 --> 00:45:17,842
It would be a tremendous discovery.

661
00:45:32,981 --> 00:45:37,791
The LHC will generate 7 times
the energy of any previous collider.

662
00:45:48,190 --> 00:45:51,096
By doing so, it will take us
closer to the Big Bang

663
00:45:51,176 --> 00:45:52,931
than we have ever been before.

664
00:45:59,646 --> 00:46:02,430
Will we find the Higgs particle
at the LHC?

665
00:46:03,373 --> 00:46:05,936
That, of course, is the question.

666
00:46:06,046 --> 00:46:07,595
And the answer is...

667
00:46:08,488 --> 00:46:11,256
Science is what we do when
we don't know what we're doing.

668
00:46:11,690 --> 00:46:13,986
And one reason
to look for this thing

669
00:46:14,066 --> 00:46:15,347
is to see whether
we find it or not.

670
00:46:15,427 --> 00:46:17,490
So I don't know
whether we will find it or not.

671
00:46:21,321 --> 00:46:23,021
This is the other possibility.

672
00:46:23,749 --> 00:46:25,039
That this elusive particle,

673
00:46:25,119 --> 00:46:28,033
one that scientists have
been searching 40 years for,

674
00:46:28,588 --> 00:46:29,949
simply doesn't exist.

675
00:46:39,799 --> 00:46:44,117
It can be argued that the most
interesting discovery would be,

676
00:46:44,295 --> 00:46:46,304
that we can not find the Higgs,

677
00:46:46,765 --> 00:46:48,741
proving practically
that it isn't there.

678
00:46:55,569 --> 00:46:59,217
That would mean that we really
haven't understood something.

679
00:46:59,372 --> 00:47:01,330
That's a very good thing for science.

680
00:47:01,474 --> 00:47:04,550
Revolutions sometime come,
from the fact that you hit a wall

681
00:47:04,630 --> 00:47:07,231
and you realize that you truly
haven't understood anything.

682
00:47:14,330 --> 00:47:15,825
If the Higgs doesn't turn up,

683
00:47:16,245 --> 00:47:18,697
then the LHC has got
so much energy,

684
00:47:18,915 --> 00:47:21,839
that, it has to uncover
the origin of mass,

685
00:47:21,919 --> 00:47:22,910
one way or the other.

686
00:47:29,602 --> 00:47:31,414
Whatever it is
that gives substance

687
00:47:31,494 --> 00:47:33,650
to both ourselves
and the world around us,

688
00:47:34,438 --> 00:47:36,943
the LHC promises
to give us the answer.

689
00:47:38,907 --> 00:47:39,876
And with that,

690
00:47:40,604 --> 00:47:41,861
we will be one step closer

691
00:47:41,941 --> 00:47:44,614
to understanding
how our universe evolved,

692
00:47:44,794 --> 00:47:46,859
out of the first moment of time.

693
00:47:51,589 --> 00:47:54,315
It may be there is no such thing
as a theory of everything.

694
00:47:54,518 --> 00:47:57,109
But it may also be,
that there is such a thing,

695
00:47:57,228 --> 00:47:59,386
and, we're very close
to it at the moment.

696
00:47:59,720 --> 00:48:01,715
It might be within our grasp.

697
00:48:01,795 --> 00:48:02,908
That's what I hope, you know.

698
00:48:02,988 --> 00:48:06,992
I hope that my generation is a
generation that finds that theory.