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On the island of Madagascar,

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500 miles off the coast of Africa,

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there lies a strange and mysterious place.

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It is filled with bizarre landscapes

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and creatures that exist
nowhere else on Earth.

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Shut off by battlements
of razor-sharp cliffs,

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this is a true lost world.

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It is called Ankarana,

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"The Place of the Rock."

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Here, the animals have secrets.

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Madagascar is famous for its lemurs,

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the limber, wide-eyed
acrobats that fill the treetops.

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But in this hidden kingdom,

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there are lemurs virtually
unknown to science.

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And they aren't the only ones in Ankarana

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with something to hide.

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In this distant corner of the world,

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a creature we thought we knew
has started doing the unthinkable.

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This strange behavior may hold
tantalizing clues to the crocodile's success,

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because these killer reptiles are relics
from the age of the dinosaurs.

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For millions of years, Ankarana
has guarded its secrets

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until now.

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Join us as we journey into the unknown

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and pull back the curtain on
one of Earth's hidden treasures:

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SECRETS OF THE CROCODILE CAVES

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up next on NOVA.

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Thank you.

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For 2,000 years, the forbidding cliffs of
Ankarana have kept the human world at bay.

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But it's not just the dizzying heights
of these thousand-foot limestone walls

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that discourage intruders.

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These rocks are lethal.

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Over the eons, rain has turned the
mountain into a million knives of stone,

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pointing to the sky.

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This is no place for climbers,

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at least not human ones.

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But some creatures have mastered
the art of walking on daggers.

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These intrepid explorers
are crowned lemurs.

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With extra thick padding
on their fingers and toes,

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negotiating the deadly needles of stone

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is like a walk in the park.

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That is, most of the time;

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accidents can happen.

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The only place in the world
that lemurs are found is here

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in Madagascar.

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The entire island is smaller
than the state of Texas,

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and up near its northern tip
is the natural fortress of Ankarana,

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just 5 miles wide and 15 miles long.

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Almost all the crowned lemurs

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one of about 50 different kinds of lemurs

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live here.

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Walled off from human intruders,

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the crowned lemurs' struggle
for survival has gone on in secret.

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Now, we are getting our first
glimpse at this beguiling creature

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and the secret bag of tricks that's kept it alive
in one of the harshest environments on Earth.

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Make no mistake, Ankarana
is a dangerous place.

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If the jagged cliffs don't kill you,

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then one of these might.

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This toothy grin belongs
to the Nile crocodile.

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Originally from Africa,

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an ancestor of this 16-foot killer

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made its way across the ocean to
set up shop in this isolated place.

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Nowadays, these creatures devour
about 100 people every year in Madagascar.

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If human isn't on the menu,

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then they'll gladly settle for zebu,

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the local brand of cattle.

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Not surprisingly,

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crocodiles don't have a
lot friends in Madagascar,

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and in many areas,

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they are stalked and killed.

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But even here, the crocodile has its fans.

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One of them is Olivier Behra.

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This French scientist has spent more
than 15 years studying crocodiles,

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and he's come to Ankarana
to unlock their secrets.

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Assisting him is Angelin Razafimanantsoa,

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a self-taught expert in
the region's unique wildlife.

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Having heard rumors
of some bizarre behavior,

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Olivier wants to track
down the local crocodiles.

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He and Angelin hope to penetrate
the jagged spires of Ankarana's cliffs.

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But not by climbing.

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For in fact, the limestone is riddled
with subterranean caves and caverns.

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The local people of Ankarana
have known this for centuries.

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To them, the caves are sacred;

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they even bury their dead here.

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According to legend,

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their ancestors hid in these caverns

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when they were attacked by a
neighboring tribe 200 years ago.

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In that case, the caves were a lifesaver,

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but now some of them could be deadly.

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On a few forays into the underworld,

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locals have spotted menacing pairs of eyes,

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staring out of the darkness.

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Now, Olivier and Angelin are here
to find out if the reports are true.

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Are the normally sun-loving
crocodiles actually living in caves?

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At first, all they discover are bats,

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typically the masters of darkness.

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It's an incredibly long cave system.

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It's more than 100 kilometers that have
been recorded under the Ankarana

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and it's probably much longer.

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It might be two times, three times the size.

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Following an underground stream,

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the two come upon some signs
that the bats might have company

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some very large company.

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It's so surprising; it's so dark in here.

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They might be more frightened than we are.

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I don't believe it-look at that.

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First, some footprints.

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This is amazing.

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Next, an imprint in the mud

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looks like a big reptilian belly.

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Then, half a mile into the
underground passageway

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a face to face encounter.

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Look! There's an eye.

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Do you see it?

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Around the globe,

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crocodiles, and their cousins the alligators,

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are known as dedicated sun-worshippers.

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Being cold-blooded,

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crocs need the heat to maintain
their body temperature.

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If they aren't warm
enough, they can't hunt,

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and eventually, they will die.

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So why on earth would these animals
choose to live in complete darkness

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in a cool, damp cave?

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Now that he's seen this
unusual behavior for himself,

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Olivier wants to find out.

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To do that, he'll have to delve much deeper

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into the strange world of Ankarana.

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Made mostly of stone,

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Ankarana is riddled with canyons and caves.

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Two hundred million years ago,

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these cliffs were an underwater coral reef.

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Over the eons, it was shoved
upwards, above the sea,

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where rain sliced and diced the rock.

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Earthquakes split the limestone,

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creating the narrow canyons.

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These are Ankarana's secret gardens,

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a last refuge for unique
creatures like the crowned lemur.

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To look at a lemur is to
gaze into our distant past.

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Lemurs are primitive primates,

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called "prosimians,"

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a line more ancient than monkeys or apes.

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Over 40 million years ago,

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the ancestor of these lemurs was
probably swept out of Africa during a flood,

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and floated to Madagascar
on some storm-tossed debris.

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Monkeys never made the trip.

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As the only primates in town,

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the prosimians flourished,

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diverging into dozens of
different kinds of lemurs.

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And they've developed a lifestyle very
different from their monkey cousins'.

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In lemur society the
females rule the roost.

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This troop operates under the
singular gaze of a one-eyed queen.

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It's the end of the dry season,

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and all the females of the troop
are carrying an extra burden,

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their newborn babies.

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Lemurs are always on the go,

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and it's up to the babies
to hang on for dear life.

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With crowned lemurs, it's
easy to spot the inferior sex.

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The males are branded with a
distinctive black V on their heads.

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They may not call the shots,

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but male lemurs do serve a purpose.

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They have the job of marking
the troop's territory

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with secretions from their scent glands.

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Every day, the crowned lemur
troop patrols the 35 acres of forest

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they claim as their domain.

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Today, they catch some intruders.

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A few neighboring lemurs
have snuck in, looking for food.

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This small-scale rumble in the jungle

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is mostly a shouting match.

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The forest is crowded,

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and every bit of food in
the troop's territory is precious.

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Having won the battle,

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the queen leads her troop
to a stream near a cave,

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but they don't let their guard down.

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They know that predators
lurk on the ground

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and in the water.

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The lemurs aren't surprised to
find crocodiles in the caves.

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They've learned the hard
way to beware the darkness.

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But for humans who study crocodiles,

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the idea that they've become
cave dwellers is mind-boggling.

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Determined to learn more about
Ankarana's nonconformist crocs,

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Olivier and Angelin decide
to investigate downstream.

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Most people on a canoe trip would steer
clear of a group of large, man-eating reptiles,

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but these researchers are
thrilled when a sun-baked riverbank

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turns out to be a crocodile hotspot.

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Look, this is a big one!

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He's absolutely huge.

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It's really...it's so rare to
see them so easily here.

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It's not hard to share Olivier's awe.

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Crocodiles are the last surviving vestige
of an ancient and powerful group of animals,

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the ruling reptiles.

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00:19:53,527 --> 00:19:57,998
The first crocodilians
date back 200 million years

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to the age of dinosaurs.

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And some of the early crocs were huge

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35-foot monsters that
ate dinosaurs for breakfast.

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00:20:09,510 --> 00:20:13,514
No one knows exactly how
crocodiles were able to survive

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when all the other large
reptiles went extinct.

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Throughout Madagascar,

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Nile crocodiles are feared and despised.

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00:20:25,192 --> 00:20:28,228
But here in Ankarana, things are different.

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In many places of the west
coast of Madagascar,

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people really hate crocodiles,
because they attack them.

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00:20:37,104 --> 00:20:40,808
The people of the Ankarana have got
a special relation with the crocodiles

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like nowhere else in Madagascar.

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They're not frightened of them.

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00:20:46,914 --> 00:20:49,349
In fact, at one sacred lake,

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00:20:49,516 --> 00:20:52,719
people go out of their way
to make the crocodiles happy.

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00:20:56,723 --> 00:20:58,992
According to an Ankarana legend,

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once upon a time, a sorcerer
became angry with the local tribe.

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As punishment, he turned them into crocodiles.

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Since many view the
crocodiles as their ancestors,

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it has become taboo to kill them.

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People here are also
friendly with crowned lemurs.

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They believe the lemurs have human souls,

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and so, the locals protect them,

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along with the crocodiles.

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00:21:50,477 --> 00:21:53,847
This makes Ankarana a very special refuge.

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00:21:59,286 --> 00:22:02,990
Since humans arrived in
Madagascar 2,000 years ago,

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much of this tropical
forest has been destroyed.

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Many unique creatures have gone extinct,

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including about 15 species of large lemurs.

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00:22:22,176 --> 00:22:24,511
Today's lemurs are all fairly small;

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the biggest ones weigh only a few pounds.

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00:22:30,684 --> 00:22:31,952
But not too long ago,

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00:22:32,319 --> 00:22:36,390
the forests were home to
lemurs the size of a male gorilla.

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The loggers have made their
way to the outskirts of Ankarana.

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Up until now, the rocky fortress,
along with the local people,

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have protected the animals here.

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So today, the forest remains a sanctuary

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and a fine place to raise a lemur family.

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This little lemur is about six weeks old.

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And now, for the first time,

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her mother allows her to explore a little

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and practice her climbing skills,

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but only in a nice, dense thicket.

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The one-eyed queen
keeps her young son close.

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She's wise to be wary,

248
00:23:45,626 --> 00:23:49,830
because lurking in these trees,
is an animal who is highly skilled

249
00:23:50,998 --> 00:23:52,199
at killing lemurs.

250
00:24:00,607 --> 00:24:03,076
It is called the "foosa."

251
00:24:09,349 --> 00:24:13,520
This is one of the strangest and
most elusive creatures in Madagascar,

252
00:24:17,791 --> 00:24:21,995
and it has become the obsession
of American biologist Luke Dollar.

253
00:24:25,265 --> 00:24:29,002
A foosa is a long, lithe,
and lean super-predator.

254
00:24:31,605 --> 00:24:33,707
It's got semi-retractable claws,

255
00:24:36,643 --> 00:24:41,148
an extraordinary musculature that
lets it climb up and down tree-trunks

256
00:24:41,248 --> 00:24:43,217
as easy as a squirrel would,

257
00:24:47,354 --> 00:24:49,289
yet this thing outweighs a cocker-spaniel.

258
00:25:00,834 --> 00:25:03,837
A lemur is no match for a motivated foosa.

259
00:25:06,773 --> 00:25:10,878
Trying to escape, the queen heads
for the highest and smallest branches,

260
00:25:11,211 --> 00:25:13,814
which should be too
weak for the heavier foosa.

261
00:25:25,526 --> 00:25:28,829
From there, the only way out is to jump.

262
00:25:44,645 --> 00:25:47,447
It looks like there'll be
no lemur for lunch today.

263
00:25:53,453 --> 00:25:54,454
But that's okay,

264
00:25:56,056 --> 00:25:58,358
because the foosa is not a fussy eater.

265
00:26:00,527 --> 00:26:01,395
They can eat anything.

266
00:26:01,395 --> 00:26:02,763
Of course, they eat lemur.

267
00:26:02,963 --> 00:26:08,869
They also eat snakes, they eat chameleons,
they eat rodents, they eat wild pig.

268
00:26:10,003 --> 00:26:13,774
The foosa has an appetite
that matches its ferociousness,

269
00:26:14,508 --> 00:26:18,812
and there's nothing that's too big or
unattainable for the foosa as a predator.

270
00:26:22,216 --> 00:26:27,321
Luke spent months trying to trap and
study foosa in other forests of Madagascar.

271
00:26:30,290 --> 00:26:34,094
But in Ankarana, he's caught
three foosa in just a week.

272
00:26:45,873 --> 00:26:48,509
Those claws and teeth
could do serious damage,

273
00:26:51,445 --> 00:26:54,548
so Luke uses a blow-dart
to put the foosa to sleep.

274
00:27:01,555 --> 00:27:04,758
One of Luke's goals is to use DNA studies

275
00:27:04,758 --> 00:27:08,495
to find out exactly where the
foosa fits in the evolutionary tree.

276
00:27:11,632 --> 00:27:13,433
The foosa looks a little bit like a cat.

277
00:27:14,001 --> 00:27:15,235
It looks a little bit like a dog.

278
00:27:15,235 --> 00:27:16,804
It looks a little bit like a hyena.

279
00:27:17,070 --> 00:27:18,872
But it's actually none of those things.

280
00:27:19,673 --> 00:27:22,242
The foosa's actually a really big mongoose.

281
00:27:23,410 --> 00:27:25,445
It's like a mongoose on steroids.

282
00:27:30,751 --> 00:27:33,187
This foosa looks healthy and well-fed.

283
00:27:34,488 --> 00:27:36,390
It's lucky to be living in Ankarana

284
00:27:37,191 --> 00:27:38,826
because elsewhere in Madagascar,

285
00:27:39,593 --> 00:27:42,496
its habitat is being destroyed
at a disturbing rate.

286
00:27:44,064 --> 00:27:46,133
The foosa is endangered.

287
00:27:47,935 --> 00:27:53,707
There are thought to be less than 2,000
or 2,500 foosa left on Madagascar,

288
00:27:53,707 --> 00:27:55,042
and, therefore, in the world.

289
00:27:58,312 --> 00:27:59,847
The time is near for foosa,

290
00:28:00,047 --> 00:28:03,383
and if something isn't done for their conservation,
or the conservation of their habitat,

291
00:28:03,717 --> 00:28:04,852
it's going to be too late.

292
00:28:16,663 --> 00:28:18,866
A few miles away from Luke's camp,

293
00:28:19,233 --> 00:28:23,570
Olivier Behra is gathering evidence
about another fearsome predator,

294
00:28:24,238 --> 00:28:26,406
Ankarana's strange crocodile.

295
00:28:27,241 --> 00:28:30,210
Some of his best sources
are the local fishermen.

296
00:28:31,445 --> 00:28:35,349
The knowledge of the local people is
very important looking for crocodiles,

297
00:28:35,415 --> 00:28:38,385
because they have been living
with them for generations,

298
00:28:38,652 --> 00:28:40,187
so they know their habits.

299
00:28:40,320 --> 00:28:42,356
The fishermen know where they stay,

300
00:28:42,356 --> 00:28:43,724
they know where they breed.

301
00:28:43,724 --> 00:28:46,627
They know also where they see young animals.

302
00:28:49,396 --> 00:28:51,431
This fisherman, called Kaffu,

303
00:28:51,832 --> 00:28:55,402
lives near the river where
Olivier spotted the big crocodiles.

304
00:28:59,273 --> 00:29:01,975
Does he catch crocodiles
sometimes in his net?

305
00:29:02,276 --> 00:29:05,145
As Kaffu says, he hasn't
been catching any crocodiles,

306
00:29:05,479 --> 00:29:08,615
but he has noticed where
some are building their nests.

307
00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:13,921
Thank you, Kaffu.

308
00:29:21,094 --> 00:29:23,464
Without this kind of inside information,

309
00:29:23,664 --> 00:29:27,267
it might have taken Olivier weeks
to track down a nesting site.

310
00:29:36,677 --> 00:29:38,712
Falling into a trance-like state,

311
00:29:39,746 --> 00:29:42,149
the female lays up to 80 eggs.

312
00:29:52,493 --> 00:29:55,562
She kicks sand over the nest
to protect it from the sun.

313
00:30:01,268 --> 00:30:02,336
If the eggs get too hot,

314
00:30:02,803 --> 00:30:04,972
her babies will boil in their shells.

315
00:30:08,775 --> 00:30:12,146
Nesting is carefully timed
near the end of the dry season.

316
00:30:16,049 --> 00:30:21,655
All the animals of Ankarana must stay in
sync with the ebb and flow of the seasons.

317
00:30:24,625 --> 00:30:29,029
For the crowned lemurs, the
next big event is all about food.

318
00:30:31,165 --> 00:30:34,201
The hundred-foot giant
fig is starting to fruit,

319
00:30:35,135 --> 00:30:37,271
and it's a lemur magnet.

320
00:30:38,639 --> 00:30:41,575
The queen is quick to lead
her troop to the fig tree.

321
00:30:45,879 --> 00:30:47,281
For some of the youngsters,

322
00:30:47,314 --> 00:30:50,083
it's the first time on such a giant tree,

323
00:30:50,517 --> 00:30:52,553
and the climb is dizzying.

324
00:30:57,524 --> 00:31:00,627
They'll settle for fruit on one
of the lower branches.

325
00:31:06,066 --> 00:31:07,968
The figs will last a couple of weeks,

326
00:31:09,470 --> 00:31:13,373
and even this tough troop will not be
able to keep them all for themselves.

327
00:31:14,241 --> 00:31:15,409
They'll have to share.

328
00:31:18,011 --> 00:31:21,715
Today, the fig tree is also
full of Sanford's lemurs.

329
00:31:23,083 --> 00:31:25,486
They're close cousins
of the crowned lemurs,

330
00:31:25,752 --> 00:31:26,854
but not friends.

331
00:31:28,121 --> 00:31:29,189
Like the crowns,

332
00:31:29,389 --> 00:31:32,192
it's easy to tell the sex
of the Sanford's lemurs.

333
00:31:33,727 --> 00:31:38,465
Each male's face is framed by
a showy ruff collar of white fur,

334
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:43,437
while the brown females
have a less flamboyant style.

335
00:31:44,838 --> 00:31:46,974
Besides sharing the same taste in food,

336
00:31:47,207 --> 00:31:51,044
both the Sanford's and the crowns
have something else in common.

337
00:31:55,949 --> 00:31:58,085
They are active during the day,

338
00:31:58,986 --> 00:32:01,155
which isn't true for all lemurs.

339
00:32:09,963 --> 00:32:12,800
There are other kinds
of lemurs living in Ankarana

340
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:14,601
who are more difficult to see

341
00:32:15,435 --> 00:32:18,405
because they operate primarily at night.

342
00:32:30,517 --> 00:32:36,790
Recent advances in technology have
suddenly opened up the dark side of Ankarana.

343
00:32:40,294 --> 00:32:44,865
Ultra-sensitive cameras can now
record by moon and starlight.

344
00:32:46,633 --> 00:32:50,771
This flashing sparkler
is actually a firefly.

345
00:33:04,151 --> 00:33:06,954
As night falls, the bats awake

346
00:33:07,354 --> 00:33:10,591
and head out of their
cozy caves into the forest

347
00:33:10,824 --> 00:33:12,025
to search for food.

348
00:33:21,235 --> 00:33:24,838
This lepilemur emerges from
its home in a hollow tree.

349
00:33:28,175 --> 00:33:33,914
With its cute, wide-eyed baby face, it's
typical of Ankarana's nocturnal lemurs.

350
00:33:37,184 --> 00:33:42,556
But there's one night-stalking lemur
that won't be winning any beauty contests.

351
00:33:44,892 --> 00:33:49,229
This strange-looking creature
is called the "aye-aye."

352
00:33:51,165 --> 00:33:53,000
Unlike all the other lemurs,

353
00:33:53,367 --> 00:33:56,036
the aye-aye is covered in coarse hair

354
00:34:01,441 --> 00:34:03,911
and has giant bat-like ears.

355
00:34:09,149 --> 00:34:11,985
And then there's its most bizarre feature,

356
00:34:12,719 --> 00:34:14,888
an extra-long middle finger

357
00:34:15,155 --> 00:34:18,892
that is not much more
than a thin needle of bone.

358
00:34:26,433 --> 00:34:28,936
There are no woodpeckers in Madagascar,

359
00:34:29,403 --> 00:34:31,872
instead there is the aye-aye.

360
00:34:45,352 --> 00:34:47,888
As it climbs, it taps on the tree,

361
00:34:50,491 --> 00:34:54,795
its giant ears well-tuned to
detect the slightest change in sound.

362
00:35:02,002 --> 00:35:04,805
If it hears a hollow spot or some movement,

363
00:35:05,038 --> 00:35:09,042
the aye-aye gnaws a hole
with its large, rabbit-like teeth.

364
00:35:10,477 --> 00:35:16,016
It then uses its long, skinny finger
to harpoon the unsuspecting grub.

365
00:35:19,653 --> 00:35:21,355
Because of its strange appearance,

366
00:35:21,555 --> 00:35:24,691
some local tribes believe
the aye-aye to be evil,

367
00:35:25,893 --> 00:35:28,095
and, like many animals in Madagascar,

368
00:35:28,529 --> 00:35:31,198
it has been hunted to
the brink of extinction.

369
00:35:33,734 --> 00:35:36,837
Ankarana is one of its last haunts.

370
00:36:00,994 --> 00:36:04,765
When the dry season ends
and the rains come to Ankarana,

371
00:36:06,233 --> 00:36:07,434
it's a mixed blessing.

372
00:36:21,081 --> 00:36:24,184
Lemurs don't seem to enjoy
the downpours very much.

373
00:36:28,388 --> 00:36:30,824
But they'll certainly
appreciate the results.

374
00:36:35,295 --> 00:36:37,397
Rejuvenated by the rains,

375
00:36:38,632 --> 00:36:42,369
the thirsty plants of Ankarana
suddenly burst into bloom.

376
00:36:49,243 --> 00:36:52,846
Fresh flowers are especially
appetizing to the crowned lemurs.

377
00:37:00,954 --> 00:37:02,990
The petals are easy to digest

378
00:37:04,024 --> 00:37:06,093
and the pollen is full of protein.

379
00:37:12,566 --> 00:37:16,003
This is the perfect time for
mothers to wean their babies,

380
00:37:21,675 --> 00:37:25,813
though the little ones might not
agree - especially the queen's son,

381
00:37:26,213 --> 00:37:30,117
who seems reluctant to give up his
princely perch on his mother's back.

382
00:37:42,796 --> 00:37:46,533
For him, life is about
to get a lot less cushy.

383
00:37:48,435 --> 00:37:50,003
The youngest male in the troop,

384
00:37:50,404 --> 00:37:52,840
he's suddenly at the
bottom of the pecking order,

385
00:37:54,908 --> 00:37:58,312
as his little female cousins
are happy to point out.

386
00:38:02,816 --> 00:38:07,721
The new generation is curious about everything
around them in the Ankarana forest.

387
00:38:07,988 --> 00:38:11,158
And the possibilities for
entertainment are endless.

388
00:38:12,326 --> 00:38:18,732
Today, they're captivated by a courtship
dance performed by a pair of chameleons.

389
00:38:19,600 --> 00:38:22,402
With chameleons, nothing can be rushed,

390
00:38:22,803 --> 00:38:24,605
especially not romance.

391
00:38:34,948 --> 00:38:37,751
A crucial part of this tango is the costume

392
00:38:38,519 --> 00:38:43,724
the brightly colored male signals his
amorous intentions with a red-hot eye.

393
00:38:52,733 --> 00:38:55,936
Chameleons can rotate
their eyes in a wide arc,

394
00:38:56,236 --> 00:38:58,405
always on the lookout for danger.

395
00:38:59,039 --> 00:39:01,041
So even when passion calls,

396
00:39:01,308 --> 00:39:05,012
they won't be caught with
their pants down, so to speak.

397
00:39:08,749 --> 00:39:12,553
For the young lemurs, the
show is too interesting to ignore.

398
00:39:15,189 --> 00:39:16,590
But for the female chameleon,

399
00:39:18,025 --> 00:39:20,594
such a large audience ruins the mood.

400
00:39:23,730 --> 00:39:25,999
Finding his date so rudely interrupted,

401
00:39:27,634 --> 00:39:30,471
the male's eye is no
longer flush with passion.

402
00:39:32,506 --> 00:39:34,775
Now, it's black with rage.

403
00:39:48,689 --> 00:39:50,290
But he's sure to try again,

404
00:39:50,824 --> 00:39:55,629
because in Ankarana, the rainy
season is the best time for having babies.

405
00:39:57,664 --> 00:39:58,832
On the riverbanks,

406
00:39:59,133 --> 00:40:03,003
a distinctive sound is
announcing some new arrivals.

407
00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:09,576
This is the call of baby crocodiles,

408
00:40:10,043 --> 00:40:11,845
ready to hatch from their shells.

409
00:40:18,919 --> 00:40:20,888
Finally one breaks free.

410
00:40:23,090 --> 00:40:24,825
Is it a boy or a girl?

411
00:40:26,560 --> 00:40:30,764
The sex of crocodiles is determined
by the temperature of the nest.

412
00:40:31,198 --> 00:40:34,735
Between about 91° and 93° Fahrenheit,

413
00:40:34,935 --> 00:40:36,537
mostly males will develop;

414
00:40:37,204 --> 00:40:40,607
a few degrees above or
below produces females.

415
00:40:42,309 --> 00:40:44,445
This year has been particularly warm,

416
00:40:44,678 --> 00:40:47,614
so almost all of these hatchlings are girls.

417
00:40:49,616 --> 00:40:51,351
As they struggle from their shells,

418
00:40:51,852 --> 00:40:53,454
they are in grave danger.

419
00:40:54,188 --> 00:40:56,256
They could be eaten by predators

420
00:40:56,990 --> 00:41:00,627
or suffocate if they can't escape
the underground nest in time.

421
00:41:08,268 --> 00:41:09,570
But help is on the way.

422
00:41:11,839 --> 00:41:12,840
It's their mother.

423
00:41:13,474 --> 00:41:16,109
She's been guarding
the nest for several weeks,

424
00:41:16,443 --> 00:41:18,846
and now, hearing her babies' cries,

425
00:41:19,346 --> 00:41:21,148
comes immediately to their aid.

426
00:41:23,717 --> 00:41:27,688
Unlike some reptiles, who abandon
their young to fend for themselves,

427
00:41:28,155 --> 00:41:31,225
crocodile mothers are
the picture of devotion.

428
00:41:37,331 --> 00:41:40,734
These jaws could easily rip
a limb from a large mammal,

429
00:41:41,235 --> 00:41:45,305
but for a baby crocodile, it's
the safest place in the world.

430
00:41:50,444 --> 00:41:54,748
One by one, the mother carries
her brood to nearby nursery pools,

431
00:41:55,082 --> 00:41:56,917
where she'll continue to look after them.

432
00:42:01,655 --> 00:42:05,325
But the rainy season was shorter
than usual in Ankarana this year,

433
00:42:05,793 --> 00:42:07,828
and the pools may soon disappear.

434
00:42:10,430 --> 00:42:12,566
If hot, dry weather continues,

435
00:42:13,033 --> 00:42:15,569
then the young crocodiles
will be forced to move on,

436
00:42:16,036 --> 00:42:17,571
in search of a wetter home.

437
00:42:24,011 --> 00:42:27,548
The lack of rain is putting pressure
on every creature in Ankarana.

438
00:42:30,317 --> 00:42:31,718
Inside the hidden forests,

439
00:42:32,085 --> 00:42:34,788
the trees aren't producing
their usual crop of fruit.

440
00:42:38,392 --> 00:42:40,527
The troop has to settle for eating leaves,

441
00:42:40,894 --> 00:42:42,563
even though many are poisonous.

442
00:42:50,471 --> 00:42:52,005
To flush out the toxins,

443
00:42:52,239 --> 00:42:55,075
the lemurs need to drink water, and soon.

444
00:42:59,913 --> 00:43:03,717
The only water nearby is
caught in a few tree hollows.

445
00:43:14,161 --> 00:43:16,196
As always, ladies first

446
00:43:22,336 --> 00:43:25,205
the queen and the other females
make sure they get their fill

447
00:43:26,573 --> 00:43:28,308
before giving way to the males.

448
00:43:31,912 --> 00:43:35,516
And the youngest male drinks
last, if there's any left.

449
00:43:37,785 --> 00:43:39,887
With food and water in short supply,

450
00:43:40,154 --> 00:43:42,923
the lemurs are forced to
descend from the treetops

451
00:43:43,357 --> 00:43:44,825
and scavenge on the ground.

452
00:43:48,328 --> 00:43:49,696
In times of need,

453
00:43:49,963 --> 00:43:53,534
crowned lemurs will quickly
abandon their vegetarian diet

454
00:43:54,201 --> 00:43:56,603
and try to eat just about anything.

455
00:43:57,471 --> 00:43:59,640
This forest crab is well-armored,

456
00:44:00,240 --> 00:44:02,242
and doesn't seem worth the trouble.

457
00:44:06,814 --> 00:44:11,518
But the shell of this giant pill bug
is no match for a lemur's teeth,

458
00:44:11,852 --> 00:44:15,355
and the pulpy insides
are finger-lickin' good.

459
00:44:21,094 --> 00:44:25,799
But there are some creatures that
even a lemur knows it's better to avoid.

460
00:44:29,002 --> 00:44:30,504
As resources dwindle,

461
00:44:30,637 --> 00:44:33,507
competition with other
animals becomes fierce.

462
00:44:37,744 --> 00:44:40,747
And no one is more
annoying to a crowned lemur

463
00:44:41,148 --> 00:44:44,685
than its greedy neighbor,
the ring-tailed mongoose.

464
00:44:59,733 --> 00:45:03,137
Once again, the queen and
her gang exert their dominance,

465
00:45:07,708 --> 00:45:09,409
and the intruders are driven away.

466
00:45:34,334 --> 00:45:37,004
The pools left by the rains are shrinking.

467
00:45:40,007 --> 00:45:43,410
Every living thing must
somehow adapt or die.

468
00:45:47,815 --> 00:45:50,117
This is especially true for the crocodiles.

469
00:45:54,855 --> 00:45:56,790
With their nurseries quickly evaporating,

470
00:45:57,324 --> 00:45:59,326
the babies must search for a new home.

471
00:46:06,266 --> 00:46:08,735
Though crocodiles love to bask in the sun,

472
00:46:09,369 --> 00:46:10,604
water is crucial.

473
00:46:15,476 --> 00:46:17,911
Here, they can stalk their prey.

474
00:46:24,651 --> 00:46:26,920
They can court and
mate with their partners.

475
00:46:37,164 --> 00:46:40,868
And they can cool down when the
heat of the day gets too much to bear.

476
00:46:46,573 --> 00:46:48,876
As the rivers dwindle to narrow creeks,

477
00:46:50,210 --> 00:46:54,915
crocodiles young and old head
upstream in search of deeper water.

478
00:47:00,053 --> 00:47:01,989
These journeys can be dangerous,

479
00:47:02,389 --> 00:47:04,992
for along the river live people.

480
00:47:07,828 --> 00:47:09,930
Hungry animals will eat humans,

481
00:47:10,430 --> 00:47:13,066
but more often when the two come together,

482
00:47:13,634 --> 00:47:15,669
it is the crocodiles who are hunted.

483
00:47:18,972 --> 00:47:22,075
Killing crocodiles is taboo
in most of Ankarana,

484
00:47:24,645 --> 00:47:26,246
but that may be changing.

485
00:47:28,916 --> 00:47:32,753
Skins like this one are highly
valued on the international market.

486
00:47:40,227 --> 00:47:42,996
But Olivier thinks the
crocodiles of Ankarana

487
00:47:43,464 --> 00:47:46,166
may have one last trick up their sleeve:

488
00:47:47,067 --> 00:47:48,769
the crocodile caves.

489
00:47:53,774 --> 00:47:55,476
Following the rivers upstream,

490
00:47:55,876 --> 00:47:58,312
the crocodiles come to the rocky outcrop

491
00:47:58,745 --> 00:48:02,416
where the waters disappear
into underground caverns.

492
00:48:05,686 --> 00:48:08,522
Olivier believes the
crocodiles are drawn here,

493
00:48:08,655 --> 00:48:10,591
not just as a great source of water,

494
00:48:11,325 --> 00:48:14,027
but as a safe haven from human predators.

495
00:48:16,130 --> 00:48:18,932
But how is it possible
for these sun worshippers

496
00:48:19,066 --> 00:48:22,035
to survive in this cool, dark underworld?

497
00:48:23,203 --> 00:48:27,040
While temperatures outside
can soar above a 100 degrees,

498
00:48:28,509 --> 00:48:31,945
inside the cave, it dips to around 70.

499
00:48:33,413 --> 00:48:37,785
Crocodiles are amazing
animals physiologically,

500
00:48:39,253 --> 00:48:42,256
and they can adapt to
different types of habitat.

501
00:48:42,256 --> 00:48:47,594
And you can find them in very hot
weather and in very almost cold weather.

502
00:48:49,930 --> 00:48:51,598
So the temperature is okay.

503
00:48:51,865 --> 00:48:53,200
But what is there to eat?

504
00:48:54,635 --> 00:48:56,003
If you look close enough,

505
00:48:56,203 --> 00:48:58,839
you'll see that this
cave is teeming with life.

506
00:49:03,177 --> 00:49:04,845
Bats play a crucial role.

507
00:49:07,614 --> 00:49:10,984
These are fruit bats,
hanging out with their young.

508
00:49:13,287 --> 00:49:15,722
The bats dine outside the cave at night,

509
00:49:16,256 --> 00:49:18,525
but during the day, they return to sleep.

510
00:49:20,360 --> 00:49:23,764
Inside, they bless the cave
with plenty of droppings.

511
00:49:25,599 --> 00:49:28,769
Bat guano, along with
decomposing bat corpses,

512
00:49:29,837 --> 00:49:33,574
provides lots of nourishment
for creatures like maggots

513
00:49:34,775 --> 00:49:35,642
and crickets

514
00:49:37,611 --> 00:49:39,413
and this poisonous tarantula.

515
00:49:44,051 --> 00:49:46,687
And there's plenty of
life under water as well.

516
00:49:47,654 --> 00:49:48,489
There are shrimp

517
00:49:50,324 --> 00:49:55,129
and tiny fish, who over the eons
have become completely blind.

518
00:49:56,964 --> 00:50:00,834
What we found out in the cave for
the feeding of the crocodile was fantastic.

519
00:50:01,735 --> 00:50:03,003
There's plenty of food.

520
00:50:03,170 --> 00:50:06,707
And we found some
small crocodiles very fat.

521
00:50:08,175 --> 00:50:10,010
Even if there's not a lot of big game,

522
00:50:10,511 --> 00:50:15,349
it turns out that an adult crocodile
can live for months on one good meal.

523
00:50:23,323 --> 00:50:27,427
All the pieces of the crocodile
puzzle seem to be coming together.

524
00:50:27,828 --> 00:50:31,231
But for Olivier, one
major mystery remains.

525
00:50:33,967 --> 00:50:37,638
Crocodiles have excellent
eyesight and can see well at night,

526
00:50:38,405 --> 00:50:41,975
but in the depths of the cave,
there is no light at all.

527
00:50:43,644 --> 00:50:47,614
How do they find their way
through miles of winding passageways?

528
00:50:48,949 --> 00:50:50,384
No one knows.

529
00:50:53,754 --> 00:50:59,092
The mystery only deepens Olivier's
respect and admiration for the crocodiles.

530
00:51:00,027 --> 00:51:04,631
Once again, they've proven their
tremendous resilience and adaptability.

531
00:51:05,866 --> 00:51:11,171
No wonder creatures like these have been
roaming the earth since the age of the dinosaurs.

532
00:51:22,116 --> 00:51:23,450
Outside the caves,

533
00:51:23,550 --> 00:51:25,285
the dry season wears on.

534
00:51:27,654 --> 00:51:29,723
Many animals will be drawn inside,

535
00:51:30,324 --> 00:51:32,493
though most will not venture very far.

536
00:51:36,363 --> 00:51:39,199
The one-eyed queen and
her troop of crowned lemurs

537
00:51:39,666 --> 00:51:41,668
are very wary of the caves,

538
00:51:42,436 --> 00:51:45,506
but sometimes they are
the only source of water

539
00:51:46,206 --> 00:51:47,441
and so they must go.

540
00:51:51,044 --> 00:51:55,249
Today, the queen's oldest daughter
leads the way into the depths.

541
00:52:48,168 --> 00:52:52,606
This time, the lemurs were too quick
to get caught in the snapping jaws.

542
00:52:53,307 --> 00:52:55,008
But soon enough, they'll be back,

543
00:52:57,711 --> 00:53:00,547
for in Ankarana, water is precious.

544
00:53:03,016 --> 00:53:04,918
To come here is dangerous,

545
00:53:06,520 --> 00:53:09,456
but to stay away could be suicidal.

546
00:53:12,092 --> 00:53:14,695
Here in this isolated corner of the world,

547
00:53:15,195 --> 00:53:21,568
lemurs and crocodiles have both turned
to the dark, wet caves in times of crisis.

548
00:53:30,210 --> 00:53:31,912
And in this harsh landscape,

549
00:53:32,813 --> 00:53:37,117
their willingness to journey to the
strange underworld has turned out

550
00:53:37,551 --> 00:53:39,920
to be the secret of their survival.

551
00:54:00,307 --> 00:54:04,545
On NOVA's Web site, explore this
remote corner of Madagascar

552
00:54:04,745 --> 00:54:08,115
through 360 degree photographic panoramas.

553
00:54:08,482 --> 00:54:11,084
Find it on PBS.org.

554
00:54:30,237 --> 00:54:35,008
Educators and other educational institutions
can order this or other NOVA programs

555
00:54:35,008 --> 00:54:37,444
for $19.95 plus shipping and handling.

556
00:54:37,678 --> 00:54:43,317
Call WBGH Boston Video at 1-800-255-9424.