1 00:00:06,186 --> 00:00:08,177 [Drums playing] 2 00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:36,041 WOMAN: Do you know what we're doing here? 3 00:00:36,083 --> 00:00:39,644 This is part of the Day of the Dead celebration. 4 00:00:39,686 --> 00:00:42,951 We're making skulls, and sometimes, people think 5 00:00:42,989 --> 00:00:45,219 skulls are scary, but they're not scary. 6 00:00:45,258 --> 00:00:48,159 They're smiling because they defeated death. 7 00:00:48,195 --> 00:00:50,527 They're happy, and that's what we're doing. 8 00:00:50,564 --> 00:00:55,729 We're showing that death is not anything to be afraid of. 9 00:00:55,769 --> 00:00:56,895 Is that yours? 10 00:00:56,937 --> 00:00:58,928 [Man speaking Spanish] 11 00:01:04,878 --> 00:01:07,438 MAN, VOICE-OVER: The Day of the Dead, it's a wonderful 12 00:01:07,481 --> 00:01:12,817 celebration of remembering all those who have gone before us, 13 00:01:12,853 --> 00:01:16,311 and the people, they come together in the cemetery, 14 00:01:16,356 --> 00:01:20,452 they clean up the graves, they light candles, they bring 15 00:01:20,494 --> 00:01:24,590 food even, and they spend the day meeting relatives they 16 00:01:24,631 --> 00:01:27,327 haven't seen the whole year, and they talk about their 17 00:01:27,367 --> 00:01:31,326 loved ones, whose remains are buried there. 18 00:01:31,371 --> 00:01:33,896 It's a very joyful day. 19 00:01:33,940 --> 00:01:38,309 It's not a gloomy celebration at all. 20 00:01:38,345 --> 00:01:42,076 KEN BURNS: The Day of the Dead predates even the Aztecs. 21 00:01:42,115 --> 00:01:44,879 When the Spanish conquered the New World, they permitted 22 00:01:44,918 --> 00:01:47,751 the tradition to continue. 23 00:01:47,788 --> 00:01:50,382 The Catholic Church allowed it to be celebrated 24 00:01:50,424 --> 00:01:52,392 alongside its masses. 25 00:01:56,997 --> 00:02:01,730 By the late 1700s, the land we know as Texas was a Mexican 26 00:02:01,768 --> 00:02:04,066 state on the northeastern frontier 27 00:02:04,104 --> 00:02:06,470 of the Spanish Empire. 28 00:02:06,506 --> 00:02:09,998 It was uncharted territory. 29 00:02:10,043 --> 00:02:13,069 When the French threatened to expand westward, Spain 30 00:02:13,113 --> 00:02:16,844 reasserted its control by building fortified missions 31 00:02:16,883 --> 00:02:18,578 throughout the colonies. 32 00:02:21,855 --> 00:02:24,585 MAN: There were indigenous cultures who lived in this area. 33 00:02:24,624 --> 00:02:28,116 They happened to be nomadic. 34 00:02:28,161 --> 00:02:30,527 To hold the frontier, you needed to make 35 00:02:30,564 --> 00:02:33,795 the Indians into farmers. 36 00:02:33,834 --> 00:02:39,067 You get them to become part of the community. 37 00:02:39,105 --> 00:02:42,905 The mission system would be the process by which 38 00:02:42,943 --> 00:02:48,973 the indigenous people would be settled in one place. 39 00:02:49,015 --> 00:02:56,148 Conversion did not mean just adopting a European religion. 40 00:02:56,189 --> 00:03:00,023 It meant changing their lifestyle. 41 00:03:00,060 --> 00:03:03,518 WOMAN: The culture that started within the missions 42 00:03:03,563 --> 00:03:08,660 was a blend of Spanish and native. 43 00:03:08,702 --> 00:03:12,832 This was the roots of the city of San Antonio. 44 00:03:12,873 --> 00:03:17,970 It was the first page of Texas history. 45 00:03:18,011 --> 00:03:22,505 BURNS: Spain had established missions throughout Texas. 46 00:03:22,549 --> 00:03:26,349 5 were built along the San Antonio River. 47 00:03:26,386 --> 00:03:30,288 The first, Mision San Antonio de Valero, would come to be 48 00:03:30,323 --> 00:03:34,555 known as the Alamo. 49 00:03:34,594 --> 00:03:38,690 Today, the 4 others make up San Antonio Missions National 50 00:03:38,732 --> 00:03:40,996 Historical Park. 51 00:03:41,034 --> 00:03:44,026 McGAHEE: A mission was more than just a church. 52 00:03:44,070 --> 00:03:47,403 A mission was a community where everything you need is 53 00:03:47,440 --> 00:03:52,104 within the walls that provided protection. 54 00:03:52,145 --> 00:03:56,514 The natives and the Franciscan priest and a few soldiers 55 00:03:56,550 --> 00:04:01,487 built a community together, intermarrying, living by way 56 00:04:01,521 --> 00:04:04,285 of new vocations. 57 00:04:04,324 --> 00:04:08,317 WOMAN: Each of the missions was really its own little 58 00:04:08,361 --> 00:04:10,488 outpost in the frontier. 59 00:04:10,530 --> 00:04:14,193 So everything they ate, everything they wore, every 60 00:04:14,234 --> 00:04:18,068 implement they used had to be produced in the missions. 61 00:04:20,106 --> 00:04:22,768 WOMAN: Do a strip about 10 centimeters wide and take that 62 00:04:22,809 --> 00:04:24,936 down to your level and then let me look at it again. 63 00:04:24,978 --> 00:04:26,878 Do you want me to go ahead and take this down to level? 64 00:04:26,913 --> 00:04:28,642 WOMAN, VOICE-OVER: This is the Rancho de las Cabras 65 00:04:28,682 --> 00:04:31,344 in Floresville, Texas. 66 00:04:31,384 --> 00:04:35,320 Floresville is extremely lucky to have one of the only intact 67 00:04:35,355 --> 00:04:39,189 ranching communities associated with colonial Texas. 68 00:04:39,225 --> 00:04:43,889 We think it was occupied between 1740 and 1770 by 69 00:04:43,930 --> 00:04:48,264 Native Americans, the cowboys out here. 70 00:04:48,301 --> 00:04:49,996 BURNS: Ranches were an integral part 71 00:04:50,036 --> 00:04:51,867 of the mission system. 72 00:04:51,905 --> 00:04:55,341 They supplied the community with beef, goats, wool, 73 00:04:55,375 --> 00:04:57,240 and other essentials. 74 00:04:57,277 --> 00:05:00,906 Today, volunteers are digging, sifting through the dirt, 75 00:05:00,947 --> 00:05:05,384 helping to discover the history of this ranch. 76 00:05:05,418 --> 00:05:09,445 Some are actually descendants of the original cowboys. 77 00:05:09,489 --> 00:05:11,423 WOMAN: We found, like, a claw or something. 78 00:05:11,458 --> 00:05:13,392 MAN: Oh, you did? Did you find any more bones? 79 00:05:13,426 --> 00:05:15,360 WOMWAN: Nah. 80 00:05:15,395 --> 00:05:18,626 We're sifting for Spanish colonial pottery, 81 00:05:18,665 --> 00:05:23,193 bones, whatever we can find. 82 00:05:23,236 --> 00:05:27,366 Obviously as ancestors, we're really, really interested. 83 00:05:27,407 --> 00:05:28,669 We never left the area. 84 00:05:28,708 --> 00:05:30,835 We've been here for ever and ever and ever. 85 00:05:30,877 --> 00:05:32,811 We're proud of that, and we just want to tell our story to 86 00:05:32,846 --> 00:05:34,177 the world basically. 87 00:05:34,214 --> 00:05:36,512 MAN: The true story. WOMAN: Yes. 88 00:05:36,549 --> 00:05:38,949 The other side of the story. 89 00:05:38,985 --> 00:05:42,682 People talk about the West and the cowboy. 90 00:05:42,722 --> 00:05:44,747 Well, they think of it further west. 91 00:05:44,791 --> 00:05:46,520 They don't think of it as starting here, 92 00:05:46,559 --> 00:05:48,390 and it started here. 93 00:05:48,428 --> 00:05:52,762 It was the Indians that really are the roots of the cowboy. 94 00:05:52,799 --> 00:05:54,790 WOMAN: We would like to tell the stories of individual 95 00:05:54,834 --> 00:05:57,860 families that descended from these peoples 96 00:05:57,904 --> 00:05:59,667 and how we are still here. 97 00:06:08,948 --> 00:06:10,540 PRIEST: In the name of the Father and of 98 00:06:10,583 --> 00:06:14,314 the Son and of the Holy Spirit, Amen. 99 00:06:14,354 --> 00:06:15,912 CONGREGATION: Amen. 100 00:06:15,955 --> 00:06:20,085 PRIEST: Today, we're celebrating the Feast of All Souls Day. 101 00:06:20,126 --> 00:06:23,721 MAN: I attended Mision San Jose, and I still go there. 102 00:06:23,763 --> 00:06:27,529 I was born and raised there. 103 00:06:27,567 --> 00:06:33,403 My grandmother lived in the granaries inside the mission. 104 00:06:33,440 --> 00:06:37,809 Our families go back to the late 1700s, 1800s. 105 00:06:37,844 --> 00:06:41,905 We need to know what our heritage is and where 106 00:06:41,948 --> 00:06:46,385 we come from. 107 00:06:46,419 --> 00:06:49,980 ALMARAZ: Although the Crown financed the missions 108 00:06:50,023 --> 00:06:53,083 and the Church administered them, the mission did not 109 00:06:53,126 --> 00:06:56,323 belong to the Crown or to the Church. 110 00:06:56,362 --> 00:06:58,557 It belonged to the indigenous people 111 00:06:58,598 --> 00:07:02,034 for whom the mission was founded. 112 00:07:02,068 --> 00:07:04,832 BURNS: By the early 1800s, the Franciscans felt their 113 00:07:04,871 --> 00:07:07,032 work was done. 114 00:07:07,073 --> 00:07:10,304 They turned over the missions to the people. 115 00:07:10,343 --> 00:07:12,368 McGAHEE: The Franciscan priests were moved to 116 00:07:12,412 --> 00:07:15,779 California, and there was no one to take care 117 00:07:15,815 --> 00:07:20,775 of the property, so they began to fall into disrepair. 118 00:07:20,820 --> 00:07:25,655 ALMARAZ: So you had ruins, and then it wouldn't be until 119 00:07:25,692 --> 00:07:29,651 the end of the 19th Century that there would be 120 00:07:29,696 --> 00:07:31,687 a preservation program. 121 00:07:35,301 --> 00:07:39,761 MAN: Adina De Zavala was pretty much the single-handed 122 00:07:39,806 --> 00:07:43,242 savior of these missions. 123 00:07:43,276 --> 00:07:47,508 She was the standard bearer for the preservation 124 00:07:47,547 --> 00:07:50,175 of Texas history. 125 00:07:50,216 --> 00:07:52,844 McGAHEE: She's a woman of Spanish descent, 126 00:07:52,886 --> 00:07:55,753 very feisty, very tenacious. 127 00:07:55,789 --> 00:08:00,249 She calls herself a "jealous lover of Texas history," 128 00:08:00,293 --> 00:08:02,591 and it's at a time when women don't even have 129 00:08:02,629 --> 00:08:04,893 the right to vote. 130 00:08:04,931 --> 00:08:08,367 ALMARAZ: Miss Adina had the passion for conservation. 131 00:08:08,401 --> 00:08:12,565 She put herself on the line and barricaded herself inside 132 00:08:12,605 --> 00:08:16,598 the Alamo and then dared the wrecking crew to come 133 00:08:16,643 --> 00:08:18,668 and knock down the walls. 134 00:08:18,711 --> 00:08:20,770 She was creating an awareness that they 135 00:08:20,814 --> 00:08:23,578 needed to be preserved. 136 00:08:23,616 --> 00:08:27,575 McGAHEE: She got a horse and buggy and would collect sand, 137 00:08:27,620 --> 00:08:32,853 cement, cedar posts, fencing to shore up the missions 138 00:08:32,892 --> 00:08:37,226 because she could see that they were crumbling. 139 00:08:37,263 --> 00:08:40,960 ALMARAZ: She was able to put to shame some public officials 140 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:44,595 if they came up with some notion that they were gonna 141 00:08:44,637 --> 00:08:46,935 destroy historic sites. 142 00:08:46,973 --> 00:08:48,998 I think she convinced a lot of people. 143 00:08:49,042 --> 00:08:51,203 She would say something like, "If this were Virginia, 144 00:08:51,244 --> 00:08:53,644 you wouldn't even think about that." 145 00:08:59,118 --> 00:09:01,109 [Man singing in Latin] 146 00:09:08,161 --> 00:09:12,598 McGAHEE: Adina De Zavala and the conservation society are 147 00:09:12,632 --> 00:09:16,898 actually instrumental in having the Franciscan order 148 00:09:16,936 --> 00:09:20,736 come back into the missions. 149 00:09:20,773 --> 00:09:24,402 All of the missions are still active parishes. 150 00:09:24,444 --> 00:09:31,680 The parishioners still consider the lands to be their home. 151 00:09:31,718 --> 00:09:35,154 BURNS: San Antonio Missions National Historical Park is 152 00:09:35,188 --> 00:09:39,750 the only national park in America with active churches. 153 00:09:39,792 --> 00:09:42,283 Responsibilities are split. 154 00:09:42,328 --> 00:09:46,424 The arch diocese maintains the interior of the sanctuaries, 155 00:09:46,466 --> 00:09:49,697 and the National Park Service takes care of the outer walls 156 00:09:49,736 --> 00:09:51,636 and the grounds. 157 00:09:51,671 --> 00:09:55,163 It is a unique partnership. 158 00:09:55,208 --> 00:09:58,871 McGAHEE: The missions are centers of not only religious 159 00:09:58,912 --> 00:10:03,008 faith but festivals and family. 160 00:10:03,049 --> 00:10:07,179 The Hispanic culture is still very much alive today. 161 00:10:11,557 --> 00:10:14,048 BURNS: Adina De Zavala's dream for the missions 162 00:10:14,093 --> 00:10:17,290 of San Antonio has come true. 163 00:10:17,330 --> 00:10:19,992 History has not just been remembered. 164 00:10:20,033 --> 00:10:23,901 It is part of the community's daily life. 165 00:10:23,937 --> 00:10:25,632 ORTEGA: The missions of San Antonio would not exist 166 00:10:25,672 --> 00:10:29,199 today without Adina De Zavala. 167 00:10:29,242 --> 00:10:32,871 People in Texas did not have the sensitivity towards 168 00:10:32,912 --> 00:10:36,609 Spanish history, Mexican history. 169 00:10:36,649 --> 00:10:41,086 She is an unsung hero. 170 00:10:41,120 --> 00:10:43,554 ALMARAZ: This place here, these missions are a window to 171 00:10:43,589 --> 00:10:47,252 the North American experience. 172 00:10:47,293 --> 00:10:51,730 The missions are part of American history. 173 00:10:51,764 --> 00:10:53,925 They're living cultures. 174 00:10:53,967 --> 00:10:55,366 They're still evolving. 175 00:12:17,294 --> 00:12:19,285 [Flute playing] 176 00:12:33,244 --> 00:12:35,974 MAN: Most people's experience of a park is a park like 177 00:12:36,013 --> 00:12:38,846 a city park, a county park. 178 00:12:38,883 --> 00:12:41,852 Yosemite is completely different. 179 00:12:41,886 --> 00:12:44,855 It's an entire world that has its own mountain ranges, 180 00:12:44,889 --> 00:12:47,414 its own wildlife. 181 00:12:47,458 --> 00:12:50,427 It's a window into the ancient Earth, the Earth that once 182 00:12:50,461 --> 00:12:54,022 was, the Earth that will always be. 183 00:12:54,064 --> 00:12:56,555 "Park" is not a strong enough term to describe what's 184 00:12:56,600 --> 00:12:58,192 beyond this gate. 185 00:12:58,235 --> 00:13:00,226 [Flute continues] 186 00:13:12,183 --> 00:13:13,309 How you doing? 187 00:13:13,350 --> 00:13:18,686 WOMAN: Thank you! 188 00:13:18,722 --> 00:13:20,451 You know, I don't know what you folks want. 189 00:13:20,491 --> 00:13:22,891 We could go for a little walk, or I could just talk 190 00:13:22,927 --> 00:13:24,861 to you right here. 191 00:13:24,895 --> 00:13:28,661 How many of you are too comfortable to move? 192 00:13:28,699 --> 00:13:30,860 I'm not gonna walk that far. 193 00:13:30,901 --> 00:13:34,598 Now my name is Sergeant Alizy Bowman, and what I was hoping 194 00:13:34,638 --> 00:13:38,301 to do is talk to you about Yosemite, which seems a good 195 00:13:38,342 --> 00:13:41,869 topic, and about why there are colored soldiers in Yosemite. 196 00:13:41,912 --> 00:13:44,073 How's that sound? WOMAN: Sounds good. 197 00:13:44,114 --> 00:13:45,877 Now I don't want to start walking down that path and get 198 00:13:45,916 --> 00:13:48,214 out there and there's no one behind me because then you're 199 00:13:48,252 --> 00:13:51,221 gonna see a soldier start to cry. 200 00:13:51,255 --> 00:13:53,120 So you really with me? 201 00:13:53,157 --> 00:13:54,818 - Oh, yeah. - OK. Then follow me. 202 00:13:54,858 --> 00:13:56,723 - Pied Piper. - All right. 203 00:14:03,367 --> 00:14:04,891 MAN, VOICE-OVER: I can't really say that I'm 204 00:14:04,935 --> 00:14:07,028 portraying a real person. 205 00:14:07,071 --> 00:14:09,437 I am embodying a real name. 206 00:14:09,473 --> 00:14:12,442 The name Alizy Bowman is on the muster rolls, which is the 207 00:14:12,476 --> 00:14:14,637 listing of all the soldiers who served in Yosemite 208 00:14:14,678 --> 00:14:16,373 in the 9th Cavalry. 209 00:14:16,413 --> 00:14:19,940 So I made Alizy Bowman a composite figure to stand 210 00:14:19,984 --> 00:14:22,748 for the 400-500 other soldiers, these 211 00:14:22,786 --> 00:14:25,448 African-American soldiers, who served alongside him. 212 00:14:25,489 --> 00:14:27,548 Could you come on up, get closer? 213 00:14:27,591 --> 00:14:30,253 Folks, could you come on up, get closer still? 214 00:14:30,294 --> 00:14:32,922 No, no. Come on closer. 215 00:14:32,963 --> 00:14:35,591 Could you come on up here? 216 00:14:35,633 --> 00:14:37,464 Could you come on up? You're too far away. 217 00:14:37,501 --> 00:14:38,627 Why are you being way back there? 218 00:14:38,669 --> 00:14:40,967 Just come on up. 219 00:14:41,005 --> 00:14:42,563 I'm gonna be honest with you. 220 00:14:42,606 --> 00:14:45,837 I didn't know much about Yosemite when I got here. 221 00:14:45,876 --> 00:14:48,344 We got the word at the Presidio, San Francisco, 222 00:14:48,379 --> 00:14:50,347 that we were gonna be protecting Yosemite National 223 00:14:50,381 --> 00:14:51,746 Park all summer long. 224 00:14:51,782 --> 00:14:54,979 This is the summer of last year, 1903. 225 00:14:55,019 --> 00:14:58,318 We had no idea what Yosemite was. 226 00:14:58,355 --> 00:15:01,222 All we knew it was something called a national park. 227 00:15:01,258 --> 00:15:04,352 We had no idea this was gonna be good duty or bad duty. 228 00:15:04,395 --> 00:15:05,589 Show me your hands right now. 229 00:15:05,629 --> 00:15:07,620 How many of you folks think this is good duty if you get 230 00:15:07,665 --> 00:15:09,599 assigned to Yosemite? 231 00:15:09,633 --> 00:15:12,500 How many of you are thinking about enlisting yourself if 232 00:15:12,536 --> 00:15:15,061 this is your duty right here? 233 00:15:15,105 --> 00:15:17,266 Well, we were riding through the lumber gate 234 00:15:17,308 --> 00:15:19,333 of the Presidio, San Francisco. 235 00:15:19,376 --> 00:15:22,504 There was a sentry, and he was looking down at us as we were 236 00:15:22,546 --> 00:15:25,481 riding through, and just as I got close to him, he said, 237 00:15:25,516 --> 00:15:27,279 "It just ain't fair. 238 00:15:27,318 --> 00:15:29,650 "These niggers are going up to Yosemite. 239 00:15:29,687 --> 00:15:31,382 "This is a white man's job. 240 00:15:31,422 --> 00:15:33,447 "What's this army coming to?" 241 00:15:33,490 --> 00:15:36,789 It was then and there that I realized that this was good 242 00:15:36,827 --> 00:15:39,887 duty because if that sentry wanted to be in Yosemite, 243 00:15:39,930 --> 00:15:42,262 maybe we need to be there, too. 244 00:15:42,299 --> 00:15:45,530 JOHNSON, VOICE-OVER: When I came here 15 years ago, 245 00:15:45,569 --> 00:15:48,299 I had no idea that African-American soldiers had 246 00:15:48,339 --> 00:15:51,831 anything to do with the national parks, and then I saw 247 00:15:51,875 --> 00:15:54,776 the photograph of the 24th Infantry taken 248 00:15:54,812 --> 00:16:00,512 in 1899, sitting on the table in Yosemite's research library. 249 00:16:00,551 --> 00:16:07,389 This right here is the image that changed my life. Ha ha! 250 00:16:07,424 --> 00:16:10,587 So this is the earliest shot of African-Americans here 251 00:16:10,627 --> 00:16:13,061 in Yosemite National Park in an official capacity. 252 00:16:13,097 --> 00:16:15,691 These were park protectors, park rangers before the term 253 00:16:15,733 --> 00:16:18,133 was even coined. 254 00:16:18,168 --> 00:16:20,500 Those were the buffalo soldiers, and when I saw this 255 00:16:20,537 --> 00:16:24,234 image, my heart just sort of went, "What's that?" 256 00:16:24,274 --> 00:16:27,038 They call me a buffalo soldier, and I got that name 257 00:16:27,077 --> 00:16:30,046 because the Indians we were fighting in the Indian wars, 258 00:16:30,080 --> 00:16:33,243 they saw the hair of these soldiers in the 9th Cavalry 259 00:16:33,283 --> 00:16:36,343 and the 10th Cavalry, and they saw that their hair was just 260 00:16:36,387 --> 00:16:39,550 like the hair between the horns of the buffalo, so they 261 00:16:39,590 --> 00:16:43,151 started calling them buffalo soldiers out of respect. 262 00:16:43,193 --> 00:16:45,593 It sounds a whole lot better than "nigger cavalry." 263 00:16:45,629 --> 00:16:47,119 [Laughter] 264 00:16:47,164 --> 00:16:48,529 JOHNSON, VOICE-OVER: The buffalo soldiers 265 00:16:48,565 --> 00:16:50,157 fought native peoples. 266 00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:52,862 The buffalo solders fought the insurrectos 267 00:16:52,903 --> 00:16:54,564 in the Philippines. 268 00:16:54,605 --> 00:16:56,766 The buffalo soldiers fought the Spanish in the 269 00:16:56,807 --> 00:17:00,675 Spanish-American War in Cuba, but the battlefield that was 270 00:17:00,711 --> 00:17:05,011 rarely mentioned was the battlefield of race. 271 00:17:05,048 --> 00:17:06,948 WOMAN: Tomorrow, we're gonna get on a bus, and we're gonna 272 00:17:06,984 --> 00:17:10,920 take this road that crosses the entire park. 273 00:17:10,954 --> 00:17:13,514 JOHNSON: African-Americans, their visitation is less than 274 00:17:13,557 --> 00:17:16,583 1% of the visitation to Yosemite. 275 00:17:16,627 --> 00:17:19,027 WOMAN: On the second day, we're gonna do a day hike 276 00:17:19,062 --> 00:17:22,589 and summit Clouds Rest hopefully, try our best. 277 00:17:22,633 --> 00:17:25,124 JOHNSON: When I saw that image, I saw the bridge that 278 00:17:25,169 --> 00:17:27,899 would tie wilderness to the African-American community 279 00:17:27,938 --> 00:17:30,930 right there in the faces and in the eyes of those dead 280 00:17:30,974 --> 00:17:33,340 soldiers who were looking at me from across a distance 281 00:17:33,377 --> 00:17:37,507 of a hundred years, and I knew in the instant that I saw that 282 00:17:37,548 --> 00:17:40,142 that I was looking at the most significant thing that I had 283 00:17:40,184 --> 00:17:43,347 to do in my career as a park ranger. 284 00:17:43,387 --> 00:17:45,685 This is one of the buffalo soldier regiments that 285 00:17:45,722 --> 00:17:47,314 served in the west. 286 00:17:47,357 --> 00:17:51,453 I don't know these guys, I'm not related to these guys. 287 00:17:51,495 --> 00:17:53,622 OK. I'm gonna have to break this to you. 288 00:17:53,664 --> 00:17:59,466 I'm African-American, and I'm a park ranger, and there 289 00:17:59,503 --> 00:18:01,630 aren't a lot of African-American park rangers. 290 00:18:01,672 --> 00:18:04,197 In Yosemite, there's me. 291 00:18:04,241 --> 00:18:09,338 Then there's me, and there's also me. 292 00:18:09,379 --> 00:18:12,280 Buffalo soldiers were African-American army regiments 293 00:18:12,316 --> 00:18:14,682 that served in the west, fighting in the Indians wars, 294 00:18:14,718 --> 00:18:16,549 but they also served here in Yosemite, 295 00:18:16,587 --> 00:18:18,748 so I'm protecting Yosemite, 296 00:18:18,789 --> 00:18:21,383 they were protecting Yosemite, I'm wearing a uniform, they're 297 00:18:21,425 --> 00:18:24,519 wearing a uniform, so you tell me, young man, how 298 00:18:24,561 --> 00:18:26,392 excited was I? 299 00:18:26,430 --> 00:18:27,761 Extremely excited! 300 00:18:27,798 --> 00:18:31,359 JOHNSON: Oh, yeah. I was extremely excited. 301 00:18:31,401 --> 00:18:32,766 JOHNSON, VOICE-OVER: There were African-American soldiers 302 00:18:32,803 --> 00:18:34,737 who were part of the western frontier, who were part 303 00:18:34,771 --> 00:18:39,504 of that whole mythology. 304 00:18:39,543 --> 00:18:43,843 In 1903, Charles Young, the third African-American to 305 00:18:43,881 --> 00:18:46,315 graduate from West Point, was the acting military 306 00:18:46,350 --> 00:18:49,114 superintendant of Sequoia National Park. 307 00:18:49,152 --> 00:18:51,416 He's one of my heroes. 308 00:18:51,455 --> 00:18:53,252 You know, when this was happening, there were only 309 00:18:53,290 --> 00:18:58,193 parks in Yellowstone, Sequoia, and Mount Rainier. 310 00:18:58,228 --> 00:19:02,392 The idea of parks was such a new thing that people behaved 311 00:19:02,432 --> 00:19:04,923 inappropriately. 312 00:19:04,968 --> 00:19:06,458 They saw something on the ground that they wanted, 313 00:19:06,503 --> 00:19:08,437 they'd pick it up, and they'd walk out with it. 314 00:19:08,472 --> 00:19:12,135 The mindset was trees are good for building towns, you know, 315 00:19:12,175 --> 00:19:14,234 Wildlife is good for feeing your family. 316 00:19:14,278 --> 00:19:16,405 There's a utilitarian purpose to the land. 317 00:19:16,446 --> 00:19:20,143 It's there for us. 318 00:19:20,183 --> 00:19:22,811 The frontier was declared closed around 1890, and now 319 00:19:22,853 --> 00:19:27,984 we're saying, "Protect the Earth, protect the land." 320 00:19:28,025 --> 00:19:30,926 So to say that beauty is also there for us is 321 00:19:30,961 --> 00:19:32,326 a whole new thing. 322 00:19:39,703 --> 00:19:41,898 Very few African-Americans were in any position 323 00:19:41,939 --> 00:19:44,806 of authority in 1903 or 1904. 324 00:19:44,841 --> 00:19:47,503 There were still people around who had been the enslavers, 325 00:19:47,544 --> 00:19:48,909 and the enslaved. 326 00:19:48,946 --> 00:19:51,813 It was still living memory, and so they're here telling 327 00:19:51,848 --> 00:19:55,340 people what they could and could not do to people who 328 00:19:55,385 --> 00:19:57,876 were not used to being questioned at all by 329 00:19:57,921 --> 00:20:01,823 African-Americans, and when you consider that in 1903, 1904 330 00:20:01,858 --> 00:20:04,725 an African-American was being lynched on a daily basis 331 00:20:04,761 --> 00:20:07,662 in the South and that African-Americans occupied one 332 00:20:07,698 --> 00:20:11,259 of the lowest rungs of the social ladder, I mean, it's 333 00:20:11,301 --> 00:20:13,428 a pretty amazing thing that they were doing 334 00:20:13,470 --> 00:20:15,199 what they were doing. 335 00:20:18,275 --> 00:20:19,435 Can you folks come closer? 336 00:20:19,476 --> 00:20:21,535 [Laughter] 337 00:20:24,848 --> 00:20:26,372 JOHNSON: I got to ask you something. 338 00:20:26,416 --> 00:20:28,213 How many of you folks knew when I stopped right here 339 00:20:28,251 --> 00:20:30,151 and says... you said to yourself, "Well, that 340 00:20:30,187 --> 00:20:33,748 "soldier's stopping us right in the shade of a culture"? 341 00:20:33,790 --> 00:20:35,815 You see right above us right here? 342 00:20:35,859 --> 00:20:37,224 This is an oak tree. 343 00:20:37,260 --> 00:20:40,127 This is a California black oak, and a California black 344 00:20:40,163 --> 00:20:42,131 oak produces an acorn. 345 00:20:42,165 --> 00:20:43,723 Look right here. 346 00:20:43,767 --> 00:20:44,995 Let me show you something. 347 00:20:45,035 --> 00:20:47,401 There's an acorn, and the ground squirrels and the gray 348 00:20:47,437 --> 00:20:51,498 squirrels eat that acorn, but the Indians, the Indians 349 00:20:51,541 --> 00:20:54,442 eat the acorn, as well, and when you look at that tree 350 00:20:54,478 --> 00:20:56,639 and you can recognize that tree, you look around, and you 351 00:20:56,680 --> 00:20:59,308 see that there are other trees just like it right there 352 00:20:59,349 --> 00:21:02,318 and right there and right there, and you realize that we 353 00:21:02,352 --> 00:21:04,286 are not just in a valley. 354 00:21:04,321 --> 00:21:08,417 We are in a culture, and this is the crop of that culture, 355 00:21:08,458 --> 00:21:10,619 and you're looking at something that is rooted here 356 00:21:10,661 --> 00:21:13,152 and a culture that is rooted and intertwined with those 357 00:21:13,196 --> 00:21:14,823 roots of this plant. 358 00:21:14,865 --> 00:21:18,528 JOHNSON, VOICE-OVER: In 1904, the buffalo soldiers here 359 00:21:18,568 --> 00:21:21,594 in Yosemite built what is considered to be the first 360 00:21:21,638 --> 00:21:23,970 museum in the National Park System. 361 00:21:24,007 --> 00:21:27,966 It was an arboretum near the south fork of the Merced. 362 00:21:28,011 --> 00:21:32,846 In 1903, the 9th Cavalry in Sequoia National Park built 363 00:21:32,883 --> 00:21:37,343 the first useable wagon road into Giant Forest. 364 00:21:37,387 --> 00:21:41,255 Also in 1903, the buffalo soldiers in Sequoia built 365 00:21:41,291 --> 00:21:44,658 the first trail to the top of Mount Whitney, which in those 366 00:21:44,695 --> 00:21:48,324 days was the highest mountain in the United States. 367 00:21:48,365 --> 00:21:50,060 If that's not worthy of being remembered, 368 00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:51,658 I don't know what is. 369 00:21:51,702 --> 00:21:53,670 [Flute playing] 370 00:22:03,346 --> 00:22:05,143 There's nothing more democratic than 371 00:22:05,182 --> 00:22:07,707 a national park. 372 00:22:07,751 --> 00:22:10,015 You are going into a wonderland, you are going into 373 00:22:10,053 --> 00:22:12,487 a different world, and doesn't everyone deserve the right to 374 00:22:12,522 --> 00:22:14,683 experience what it must have felt like to be in a place 375 00:22:14,725 --> 00:22:17,285 that no one has ever been before? 376 00:22:17,327 --> 00:22:19,761 We can all have that experience on any trail in any 377 00:22:19,796 --> 00:22:22,765 national park, so why should only part of the population 378 00:22:22,799 --> 00:22:26,826 have that sense of wonder and that experience of discovery? 379 00:22:26,870 --> 00:22:30,306 Why can't African-Americans and Latinos and Asian 380 00:22:30,340 --> 00:22:32,672 Americans and everybody have that experience? 381 00:22:32,709 --> 00:22:35,872 Because that is part of the experience of being an American? 382 00:22:35,912 --> 00:22:37,937 It belongs to everyone. 383 00:22:37,981 --> 00:22:39,972 [Flute continues] 384 00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:53,045 MAN: This place has been sacred to millions of American 385 00:23:53,090 --> 00:23:57,026 Indians that came through here from time immemorial. 386 00:23:57,060 --> 00:23:59,654 When the creator made all this, they put their spirit into 387 00:23:59,696 --> 00:24:03,132 the hills themselves, into the rocks, into the pines, 388 00:24:03,166 --> 00:24:06,624 into the rivers, the streams. 389 00:24:06,670 --> 00:24:09,104 It's alive from a physical standpoint and from 390 00:24:09,139 --> 00:24:10,936 a spiritual standpoint. 391 00:24:19,082 --> 00:24:20,879 WOMAN: Most of our visitors come to Mount Rushmore 392 00:24:20,918 --> 00:24:23,751 expecting to hear the story of the 4 presidents. 393 00:24:23,787 --> 00:24:26,688 What they're often surprised to discover once they get here 394 00:24:26,723 --> 00:24:29,248 is the feeling of inspiration that hits without 395 00:24:29,293 --> 00:24:32,854 them expecting it. 396 00:24:32,896 --> 00:24:35,296 KEN BURNS: Every year, millions are awestruck when 397 00:24:35,332 --> 00:24:39,962 they behold the 4 presidents carved in stone. 398 00:24:40,003 --> 00:24:44,940 Sculptor Gutzon Borglum began his monumental work in 1927. 399 00:24:44,975 --> 00:24:48,411 He saw Mount Rushmore as a symbol of America's greatest 400 00:24:48,445 --> 00:24:51,710 achievements, but the Black Hills symbolize something 401 00:24:51,748 --> 00:24:56,048 completely different to another group of Americans. 402 00:24:56,086 --> 00:24:58,486 MAN: Welcome to Mount Rushmore, the shrine of democracy. 403 00:24:58,522 --> 00:25:02,049 Today, we host the various cultures that make up America. 404 00:25:02,092 --> 00:25:03,787 MAN, VOICE-OVER: When I was first asked about getting the 405 00:25:03,827 --> 00:25:06,352 job here as superintendant of Mount Rushmore 406 00:25:06,396 --> 00:25:09,559 and understanding that I was the first American Indian to 407 00:25:09,599 --> 00:25:11,624 be in charge of this facility. 408 00:25:11,668 --> 00:25:15,069 I start talking to the elders, and I would ask them what they 409 00:25:15,105 --> 00:25:17,437 thought because there was some hard feelings. 410 00:25:17,474 --> 00:25:18,600 I mean, there still is some hard 411 00:25:18,642 --> 00:25:20,405 feelings about Rushmore and what happened and what it 412 00:25:20,444 --> 00:25:22,275 represents to some people. 413 00:25:22,312 --> 00:25:24,507 Everybody I talked to said, "Yes, by all means, you 414 00:25:24,548 --> 00:25:25,708 "should take that job. 415 00:25:25,749 --> 00:25:27,649 "What a better place to heal?" 416 00:25:27,684 --> 00:25:29,709 Yeah. 417 00:25:29,753 --> 00:25:32,051 BURNS: For centuries, the Black Hills were home to 418 00:25:32,089 --> 00:25:35,581 many Native American tribes, most recently the Lakota 419 00:25:35,625 --> 00:25:42,189 Sioux, but in 1874, George Armstrong Custer arrived 420 00:25:42,232 --> 00:25:45,030 on a scientific expedition. 421 00:25:45,068 --> 00:25:48,196 BAKER: What they found was gold, and once the rest 422 00:25:48,238 --> 00:25:52,072 of America heard there was gold here, there was no stopping. 423 00:25:52,109 --> 00:25:55,476 It changed the whole face of the Black Hills. 424 00:25:55,512 --> 00:25:59,039 It brought in the gold rush, it chased out the Indians, 425 00:25:59,082 --> 00:26:02,779 and they lost a part of their lives, they lost a part 426 00:26:02,819 --> 00:26:06,084 of their soul when they left. 427 00:26:06,123 --> 00:26:07,920 Da dee da da da 428 00:26:07,958 --> 00:26:09,152 How you folks doing today? 429 00:26:09,192 --> 00:26:10,454 MAN: Good, thank you. 430 00:26:10,494 --> 00:26:12,052 BAKER: The way to get over there is right through here. 431 00:26:12,095 --> 00:26:14,325 This is the Presidential Walk. It goes all the way around. 432 00:26:14,364 --> 00:26:15,922 In fact, it comes out at the old studio. 433 00:26:15,966 --> 00:26:18,935 At the studio, you'll still see the original models they 434 00:26:18,969 --> 00:26:20,300 used for the presidents. 435 00:26:20,337 --> 00:26:21,634 MAN: Oh, OK. BAKER: Where y'all from? 436 00:26:21,671 --> 00:26:23,298 MAN: Minnesota. BAKER: Oh, good. OK. 437 00:26:23,340 --> 00:26:24,466 So this is your first visit here? 438 00:26:24,508 --> 00:26:26,738 WOMAN: Yeah. BAKER: All right. Excellent. 439 00:26:26,777 --> 00:26:28,574 MAN: It was this or the water park, so... 440 00:26:28,612 --> 00:26:30,944 BAKER: Well, hey. I'm glad you guys chose this. 441 00:26:30,981 --> 00:26:32,448 I'm glad you chose this. 442 00:26:32,482 --> 00:26:34,211 BAKER, VOICE-OVER: When I first got to Mount Rushmore, 443 00:26:34,251 --> 00:26:37,482 it was amazing because I would see people stand there 444 00:26:37,521 --> 00:26:40,922 and look at those 4 presidents with tears coming down, and if 445 00:26:40,957 --> 00:26:44,051 you study those 4 presidents, they're amazing. 446 00:26:44,094 --> 00:26:46,460 Each one of them did something marvelous for our country, 447 00:26:46,496 --> 00:26:48,930 and that's why we're still free. 448 00:26:48,965 --> 00:26:52,401 One thing that was really missing, however, I believe, 449 00:26:52,436 --> 00:26:57,567 was the story of the American Indians that lived here. 450 00:26:57,607 --> 00:26:59,598 [Woman singing in native language] 451 00:27:02,112 --> 00:27:04,103 [Men singing in native language] 452 00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:11,547 PICKNER, VOICE-OVER: Today, I'm performing the Native 453 00:27:11,588 --> 00:27:13,488 American hoop dance. 454 00:27:17,260 --> 00:27:20,491 The hoop dance symbolizes the circle of life. 455 00:27:20,530 --> 00:27:24,398 It symbolizes how everything is connected within that hoop, 456 00:27:24,434 --> 00:27:26,163 the cangleska. 457 00:27:32,075 --> 00:27:35,044 I'm able to make different formations that represent 458 00:27:35,078 --> 00:27:37,979 a eagle, a butterfly, a flower. 459 00:27:45,155 --> 00:27:47,749 We are all connected within this hoop. 460 00:27:47,791 --> 00:27:50,089 Whether you're from the red, yellow, black, or white 461 00:27:50,127 --> 00:27:53,722 nation, we are all related, we're part of the Black Hills. 462 00:27:53,763 --> 00:27:55,230 This is our sacred land. 463 00:27:58,401 --> 00:27:59,629 [Song ends] 464 00:28:03,840 --> 00:28:05,239 WOMAN: Ha ha ha! 465 00:28:08,712 --> 00:28:10,304 BAKER: The first year I was here, we added the Indian 466 00:28:10,347 --> 00:28:13,908 tepee, and it was extremely popular. 467 00:28:13,950 --> 00:28:15,076 Come on. I'll tell you a little bit about it. Come on. 468 00:28:15,118 --> 00:28:16,517 WOMAN: Ha ha ha! 469 00:28:16,553 --> 00:28:17,747 BAKER: Every tribe was different. 470 00:28:17,787 --> 00:28:19,812 You can always tell which tribe they are by the flaps, 471 00:28:19,856 --> 00:28:21,790 and you announce yourself, or you'd say... 472 00:28:21,825 --> 00:28:23,258 [Speaks native language] 473 00:28:23,293 --> 00:28:25,454 In my language, "It's me Yellow Wolf," and they'd day, 474 00:28:25,495 --> 00:28:26,757 "Come on in." 475 00:28:26,796 --> 00:28:28,957 If they don't answer you, they don't want you in there. 476 00:28:28,999 --> 00:28:31,433 WOMAN: Yeah. Makes sense to me. BAKER: Yeah. So... 477 00:28:31,468 --> 00:28:34,028 I remember one day I went out there, and there was, like, 478 00:28:34,070 --> 00:28:37,062 20, 30 people gathered, and so I said, "What the heck? 479 00:28:37,107 --> 00:28:38,233 "I'll just start talking about this." 480 00:28:38,275 --> 00:28:39,469 So I start talking about that. 481 00:28:39,509 --> 00:28:43,104 When I got through, there was about 200 people there, 482 00:28:43,146 --> 00:28:45,011 and so that made me think, "Let's do something else. 483 00:28:45,048 --> 00:28:47,881 "Let's start talking about this." 484 00:28:47,918 --> 00:28:51,012 MAN: Under the Sioux Nation, we have 3 subdivisions. 485 00:28:51,054 --> 00:28:53,989 We have the Lakota, Nakota, Dakota. 486 00:28:54,024 --> 00:28:55,423 We speak the same language. 487 00:28:55,458 --> 00:28:58,086 You understand each other, but there's a dialect. 488 00:28:58,128 --> 00:29:00,961 OK. I'm gonna mix it up here. 489 00:29:00,997 --> 00:29:02,988 [Speaking native dialect] 490 00:29:03,033 --> 00:29:04,227 WOMAN: Nakota. 491 00:29:04,267 --> 00:29:05,791 "N." You hear the "N." 492 00:29:05,835 --> 00:29:08,201 MAN, VOICE-OVER: We want to teach the visitors from all 493 00:29:08,238 --> 00:29:12,436 over the world the true stories of the Lakota, 494 00:29:12,475 --> 00:29:15,706 their side of the story. 495 00:29:15,745 --> 00:29:18,236 This is sacred ground to us right here. 496 00:29:18,281 --> 00:29:22,615 This land was desecrated by the white people. 497 00:29:22,652 --> 00:29:24,517 BAKER: We have stories that are very hard to tell. 498 00:29:24,554 --> 00:29:27,523 We have stories that are very hard to listen to. 499 00:29:27,557 --> 00:29:29,957 Primarily, the reaction has been very positive, 500 00:29:29,993 --> 00:29:32,860 but there's always those few that condemn, that they don't 501 00:29:32,896 --> 00:29:35,364 want to hear about the American Indian plight, 502 00:29:35,398 --> 00:29:38,299 or they don't want to hear about the breaking of treaties 503 00:29:38,335 --> 00:29:39,962 because it happened a long time ago, it doesn't affect us 504 00:29:40,003 --> 00:29:42,471 today, and I believe it still affects us today. 505 00:29:42,505 --> 00:29:44,632 Way down there. 506 00:29:44,674 --> 00:29:47,541 BAKER: What a way to start healing our nation so that we 507 00:29:47,577 --> 00:29:49,875 can get rid of the some of the miscommunications and the bad 508 00:29:49,913 --> 00:29:52,473 thoughts and, if you want to get down to it, get rid 509 00:29:52,515 --> 00:29:54,312 of the some of the prejudice and racism that we have 510 00:29:54,351 --> 00:29:57,149 in this country and is there on both sides of the fence. 511 00:29:57,187 --> 00:29:59,246 [Polka playing] 512 00:30:07,731 --> 00:30:09,665 What we're doing right now at Mount Rushmore is we're 513 00:30:09,699 --> 00:30:13,601 highlighting the various cultures that make up America. 514 00:30:13,637 --> 00:30:15,832 What makes up America is not only American Indians 515 00:30:15,872 --> 00:30:18,033 but the other cultures, as well, the Germans, 516 00:30:18,074 --> 00:30:20,201 the Irish, the Russians, the Norwegians, 517 00:30:20,243 --> 00:30:22,234 the African-Americans. 518 00:30:22,279 --> 00:30:24,179 That's the story. 519 00:30:24,214 --> 00:30:27,342 WOMAN: What are those... what are these called? 520 00:30:27,384 --> 00:30:29,352 My grandmother had those. 521 00:30:29,386 --> 00:30:31,547 BAKER: You should know who you are culturally, and I think 522 00:30:31,588 --> 00:30:33,180 Mount Rushmore stands for that. 523 00:30:33,223 --> 00:30:36,351 Mount Rushmore stands for America, and America is not 524 00:30:36,393 --> 00:30:37,587 made up of one group. 525 00:30:37,627 --> 00:30:39,026 It's made up of a bunch of groups. 526 00:30:39,062 --> 00:30:41,053 [Music continues] 527 00:30:58,848 --> 00:31:02,045 WOMAN: Mr. Borglum's vision for the memorial was to create 528 00:31:02,085 --> 00:31:04,747 a place that would tell the story of democracy to 529 00:31:04,788 --> 00:31:08,053 the entire world. 530 00:31:08,091 --> 00:31:10,753 There's much more to that story than the 4 presidents 531 00:31:10,794 --> 00:31:13,354 that are carved on the mountain. 532 00:31:13,396 --> 00:31:16,559 There's the story of the people that the 4 presidents 533 00:31:16,599 --> 00:31:19,568 represent and the struggles for freedom and the struggles 534 00:31:19,602 --> 00:31:24,369 for democracy. 535 00:31:24,407 --> 00:31:26,568 BAKER: One thing that I'm hoping people understand is 536 00:31:26,609 --> 00:31:30,739 the need to keep a sense of who they are. 537 00:31:30,780 --> 00:31:34,682 The ultimate goal I would have is to have the young people 538 00:31:34,718 --> 00:31:37,551 tell their folks they want to go to a national park, 539 00:31:37,587 --> 00:31:39,487 not have the folks tell the kids they're gonna go to 540 00:31:39,522 --> 00:31:42,980 a national park, and so when a young kid comes into our 541 00:31:43,026 --> 00:31:45,517 parks, I'm hoping that it will stir something in them, 542 00:31:45,562 --> 00:31:50,056 it will stir a curiosity in them that will say, "I looked 543 00:31:50,100 --> 00:31:52,330 "at this tepee, and I see this American Indian talking 544 00:31:52,369 --> 00:31:55,463 "about where they come from, and I know I got a background, too." 545 00:31:55,505 --> 00:31:57,336 Maybe they can go home and they can ask their mother 546 00:31:57,374 --> 00:31:58,932 and their father, "Where did we come from? 547 00:31:58,975 --> 00:32:00,374 "What is our history?" 548 00:32:00,410 --> 00:32:03,038 And they start a dialogue going where they start talking 549 00:32:03,079 --> 00:32:05,104 about their cultures, they start talking about who 550 00:32:05,148 --> 00:32:08,811 they are and maybe in the future who they're going to be. 551 00:33:24,488 --> 00:33:26,479 [Drums playing] 552 00:33:45,342 --> 00:33:47,139 MAN: You know, it was a very humiliating experience to be 553 00:33:47,177 --> 00:33:49,839 rounded up by your own government. 554 00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:56,251 It was very painful because you not just were cast as 555 00:33:56,286 --> 00:34:00,848 enemies, you lost everything materially. 556 00:34:03,861 --> 00:34:06,056 KEN BURNS: After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor 557 00:34:06,096 --> 00:34:10,123 in December of 1941, the United States government 558 00:34:10,167 --> 00:34:14,331 decided Japanese Americans were enemies of the state. 559 00:34:14,371 --> 00:34:18,239 Within months, over 100,000 U.S. Citizens and legal 560 00:34:18,275 --> 00:34:21,642 residents were ordered to leave their homes and report 561 00:34:21,678 --> 00:34:25,478 to one of 10 remote internment centers. 562 00:34:25,516 --> 00:34:28,485 Manzanar in the high California desert is one 563 00:34:28,519 --> 00:34:30,350 of those internment camps. 564 00:34:30,387 --> 00:34:32,446 [Lndistinct chatter] 565 00:34:36,960 --> 00:34:38,450 MAN: Now this is Janice? WOMAN: That's Janice. 566 00:34:38,495 --> 00:34:40,156 MAN: That's you. OK. 567 00:34:40,197 --> 00:34:41,960 Little fat kid. 568 00:34:41,999 --> 00:34:46,459 This was in Manzanar, and it looks like, what, do you think 569 00:34:46,503 --> 00:34:48,494 maybe I was 12 months old? 570 00:34:48,539 --> 00:34:49,801 Yes. 571 00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:52,070 WOMAN: And then this is Janice and mom with the barrack 572 00:34:52,109 --> 00:34:53,235 behind them. MAN: Oh, yeah. 573 00:34:53,277 --> 00:34:56,337 DIFFERENT WOMAN: If you look at our pictures, every group 574 00:34:56,380 --> 00:35:00,612 of folks that were being evacuated were all dressed up. 575 00:35:00,651 --> 00:35:05,054 Can you imagine being ordered to come into camp and line... 576 00:35:05,088 --> 00:35:06,419 WOMAN: In their best clothes. 577 00:35:06,456 --> 00:35:07,923 Wearing our best clothes and being... 578 00:35:07,958 --> 00:35:09,084 WOMAN: And coming early. 579 00:35:09,126 --> 00:35:12,357 Yes. And being on time. And being on time. 580 00:35:12,396 --> 00:35:16,093 It was absolutely asinine when I look back on it, and if it 581 00:35:16,133 --> 00:35:22,800 were to happen today, oh, my, I would raise such hell. 582 00:35:22,840 --> 00:35:26,241 MAN: Mom, we need more Spam. 583 00:35:26,276 --> 00:35:28,267 Here. I'll get it for you. 584 00:35:28,312 --> 00:35:30,439 WOMAN: My father never saw me. 585 00:35:30,480 --> 00:35:33,711 My mother was pregnant with me, and he gave up his 586 00:35:33,750 --> 00:35:38,949 citizenship and left with his family to go back to Japan, 587 00:35:38,989 --> 00:35:41,617 and my mother was not gonna give hers up. 588 00:35:41,658 --> 00:35:46,254 Not me. I said, "I'll join the WAVES, the WACS, anything, 589 00:35:46,296 --> 00:35:49,732 "but I am sure not leaving America." 590 00:35:49,766 --> 00:35:52,166 MAN, VOICE-OVER: 800 volunteers from the Japanese 591 00:35:52,202 --> 00:35:55,968 American community came up here, including my uncle, 592 00:35:56,006 --> 00:36:00,204 to build the barracks, so they dressed in their finest, 593 00:36:00,244 --> 00:36:04,704 they showed up early, and they built... and they built 594 00:36:04,748 --> 00:36:07,808 the barracks where they were to be housed. 595 00:36:07,851 --> 00:36:11,981 The barracks were cobbled together out of scrap lumber 596 00:36:12,022 --> 00:36:13,751 and tar paper. 597 00:36:13,790 --> 00:36:16,987 There was no insulation, there was no privacy 598 00:36:17,027 --> 00:36:22,260 because they were just these 20x25-foot boxes. 599 00:36:22,299 --> 00:36:23,425 NEWS REEL ANNOUNCER: Prefabricated barracks 600 00:36:23,467 --> 00:36:24,764 spring up. 601 00:36:24,801 --> 00:36:27,998 It's in no sense a concentration camp but a city 602 00:36:28,038 --> 00:36:31,166 with its front yard in he snow-peaked Sierra Nevadas. 603 00:36:31,208 --> 00:36:36,077 Here eventually, 12,000 will live and work. 604 00:36:36,113 --> 00:36:39,913 MAN: I came to camp when I was almost 10 years old. 605 00:36:39,950 --> 00:36:41,747 We left early in the morning. 606 00:36:41,785 --> 00:36:44,982 Took us 9 hours to drive here, and when we got here, it was 607 00:36:45,022 --> 00:36:47,991 really dusty, and it was nothing but just barracks 608 00:36:48,025 --> 00:36:51,756 there, so it was very stark. 609 00:36:51,795 --> 00:36:53,854 It was like being abandoned, yeah. 610 00:36:57,734 --> 00:37:00,635 WOMAN: I think when you come out here and you feel the heat 611 00:37:00,671 --> 00:37:03,469 and you see the dust and some years it's very windy, 612 00:37:03,507 --> 00:37:05,805 the dust is going up your nose, and your hair's just 613 00:37:05,842 --> 00:37:08,333 flying everywhere, you know, you really kind of can 614 00:37:08,378 --> 00:37:12,712 appreciate what the people went through. 615 00:37:12,749 --> 00:37:14,341 WOMAN: Where the Japanese Americans lived was basically 616 00:37:14,384 --> 00:37:18,184 one square mile, and it was enclosed by a 5-strand 617 00:37:18,221 --> 00:37:19,745 barbed-wire fence. 618 00:37:19,790 --> 00:37:21,917 There were also 8 guard towers. 619 00:37:21,959 --> 00:37:25,918 Security was really high, very tight. 620 00:37:25,963 --> 00:37:28,830 One thing I'll never forget my grandmother telling me is that 621 00:37:28,865 --> 00:37:31,333 when they first got here my great-grandmother would sit 622 00:37:31,368 --> 00:37:35,828 under the apple orchards and cry and sob that she couldn't 623 00:37:35,872 --> 00:37:37,863 give her children a better life, that she couldn't 624 00:37:37,908 --> 00:37:41,776 provide them the opportunities that she wanted to. 625 00:37:41,812 --> 00:37:45,839 Here you go. OK? Then I'll hook your line up. 626 00:37:45,882 --> 00:37:48,009 SETS, VOICE-OVER: Camp was boring, there was nothing to do. 627 00:37:48,051 --> 00:37:50,451 We had to leave everything we had behind, so you made 628 00:37:50,487 --> 00:37:56,187 whatever toys you could make out material you had on hand. 629 00:37:56,226 --> 00:37:57,989 We had no other options, we were stuck behind 630 00:37:58,028 --> 00:38:00,519 the barbed-wire fence, so we made the best 631 00:38:00,564 --> 00:38:03,362 that we can out of it. 632 00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:06,494 My older brother, he heard one day about some of the guys, 633 00:38:06,536 --> 00:38:09,471 said that they went fishing in the local creek, so we'd climb 634 00:38:09,506 --> 00:38:12,373 under the barbed-wire and leave camp. 635 00:38:12,409 --> 00:38:13,740 We never had permission to go. 636 00:38:13,777 --> 00:38:17,474 We just snuck out of camp by ourselves. 637 00:38:17,514 --> 00:38:21,473 LYNCH: The war of course ends in August 1945, but the camp 638 00:38:21,518 --> 00:38:25,454 didn't close until November 21 of 1945, 639 00:38:25,489 --> 00:38:28,185 and that is because a lot of the people who were here had 640 00:38:28,225 --> 00:38:30,989 nowhere to go. 641 00:38:31,028 --> 00:38:33,758 SETS: Camp life was really bad because we were in captivity, 642 00:38:33,797 --> 00:38:35,697 we couldn't do what we wanted to do, 643 00:38:35,732 --> 00:38:40,465 but a rougher life, a more devastating part of my life 644 00:38:40,504 --> 00:38:44,770 history is when we came out of camp because in camp you were 645 00:38:44,808 --> 00:38:49,905 fed 3 times a day, you had the necessities of life. 646 00:38:49,946 --> 00:38:52,312 BURNS: Before the war, Sets Tomita's father had 647 00:38:52,349 --> 00:38:55,250 a thriving trucking business in southern California, 648 00:38:55,285 --> 00:38:57,753 and the family lived comfortably. 649 00:38:57,788 --> 00:39:01,451 When they left Manzanar, they had no home, no money, 650 00:39:01,491 --> 00:39:04,221 and faced rampant prejudice. 651 00:39:04,261 --> 00:39:08,891 The only job Mr. Tomita could find was cleaning rabbit pens. 652 00:39:08,932 --> 00:39:11,662 SETS: And the place to live was a two-car garage. 653 00:39:11,701 --> 00:39:16,832 All it has was one single light bulb, no water, no heat, 654 00:39:16,873 --> 00:39:18,397 no electricity, no gas. 655 00:39:18,442 --> 00:39:22,276 We had 2 beds, and 9 of us slept in that room there. 656 00:39:22,312 --> 00:39:24,303 So you talk about harsh conditions. 657 00:39:24,347 --> 00:39:26,907 Camp was OK compared to that. 658 00:39:26,950 --> 00:39:31,114 BRUCE: When the community emerges from camp with many 659 00:39:31,154 --> 00:39:34,817 people dispossessed of all of their possessions 660 00:39:34,858 --> 00:39:42,060 and livelihood and houses, they had to bury the pain 661 00:39:42,099 --> 00:39:51,235 and anger and frustration in order to survive. 662 00:39:51,274 --> 00:39:53,538 BURNS: For years, even mentioning the internment 663 00:39:53,577 --> 00:39:57,035 experience was taboo among Japanese Americans. 664 00:39:57,080 --> 00:40:02,382 Finally in 1969, 250 students and activists returned to 665 00:40:02,419 --> 00:40:05,354 reclaim their history. 666 00:40:05,388 --> 00:40:09,051 Now thousands make the annual pilgrimage to remember past 667 00:40:09,092 --> 00:40:12,186 injustices and raise awareness of other civil 668 00:40:12,229 --> 00:40:13,924 rights struggles. 669 00:40:13,964 --> 00:40:17,297 MAN: We're here to continue the legacy, bringing friends 670 00:40:17,334 --> 00:40:19,165 and the community together to remember what happened 671 00:40:19,202 --> 00:40:23,571 at Manzanar in hopes of something like this never 672 00:40:23,607 --> 00:40:26,337 happening again. 673 00:40:26,376 --> 00:40:30,176 BRUCE: My mother became connected to these young 674 00:40:30,213 --> 00:40:33,444 students and this Asian pride movement and came back to 675 00:40:33,483 --> 00:40:39,115 Manzanar in '69, and Manzanar became bigger than life over 676 00:40:39,156 --> 00:40:42,023 the course of the next year or two. 677 00:40:42,058 --> 00:40:44,993 LYNCH: Sue Kunitomi Embrey was really the driving force 678 00:40:45,028 --> 00:40:48,464 behind the creation of Manzanar Historic Site. 679 00:40:48,498 --> 00:40:52,901 She began organizing the pilgrimages and for almost 40 680 00:40:52,936 --> 00:40:56,099 years was involved in preserving this site. 681 00:40:56,139 --> 00:41:00,041 She was very patriotic, not someone whose patriotism 682 00:41:00,076 --> 00:41:02,237 was sort of mindless nationalism but defending your 683 00:41:02,279 --> 00:41:04,975 country and making your country stand for what its 684 00:41:05,015 --> 00:41:08,815 constitution says it stands for. 685 00:41:08,852 --> 00:41:10,752 WOMAN AS SUE KUNITOMI EMBREY: I want people 50 years from 686 00:41:10,787 --> 00:41:14,052 now to remember what was there. 687 00:41:14,090 --> 00:41:17,218 Although it was a negative place, we want to turn it 688 00:41:17,260 --> 00:41:21,697 around to be positive so that people will always remember 689 00:41:21,731 --> 00:41:24,996 that America is a democracy. 690 00:41:25,035 --> 00:41:29,870 Sue Kunitomi Embrey. 691 00:41:29,906 --> 00:41:32,670 BURNS: After that first visit, Sue Embrey threw herself 692 00:41:32,709 --> 00:41:34,836 into the cause. 693 00:41:34,878 --> 00:41:37,073 The next year, she brought her children. 694 00:41:39,983 --> 00:41:44,511 BRUCE: So here I am, 11 years old, 12 years old, and I get 695 00:41:44,554 --> 00:41:47,853 to come to Manzanar to the next pilgrimage, and we pull 696 00:41:47,891 --> 00:41:51,486 up, and I look around, and I said, 697 00:41:51,528 --> 00:41:53,587 "Where's Manzanar?" 698 00:41:53,630 --> 00:41:56,861 And I'm thinking, "What the heck? 699 00:41:56,900 --> 00:41:59,733 "All this excitement and all this animated discussion all 700 00:41:59,769 --> 00:42:01,999 "this time, and there's nothing here. 701 00:42:02,038 --> 00:42:03,972 "There's desert." 702 00:42:04,007 --> 00:42:07,670 BURNS: After the War, the camp was quickly torn down. 703 00:42:07,711 --> 00:42:10,509 If not for a small monument built to honor Manzanar's 704 00:42:10,547 --> 00:42:16,417 dead, no one would know the camp had ever existed. 705 00:42:16,453 --> 00:42:20,389 BRUCE: No one ever dreamed we would have a park. 706 00:42:20,423 --> 00:42:23,984 No one ever dreamed we would have the national government 707 00:42:24,027 --> 00:42:27,861 take responsibility for this, and many people didn't 708 00:42:27,897 --> 00:42:30,695 want them to. 709 00:42:30,734 --> 00:42:34,397 There were large numbers of even former internees that 710 00:42:34,437 --> 00:42:38,339 felt that "Why are you bringing this up now? 711 00:42:38,375 --> 00:42:39,842 "It's in the past. 712 00:42:39,876 --> 00:42:42,936 "It's going to call unnecessary negative attention to us. 713 00:42:42,979 --> 00:42:44,640 "There's people out there that already hate us. 714 00:42:44,681 --> 00:42:48,276 "Don't give them more ammunition." 715 00:42:48,318 --> 00:42:50,684 BURNS: For two decades, Sue Embrey and others pushed 716 00:42:50,720 --> 00:42:54,053 the government to commemorate the site. 717 00:42:54,090 --> 00:42:58,789 Finally in 1988, Congress issued a formal apology 718 00:42:58,828 --> 00:43:02,594 and paid $20,000 in reparations to every 719 00:43:02,632 --> 00:43:05,601 surviving internee. 720 00:43:05,635 --> 00:43:09,696 4 years later, the Manzanar National Historic Site 721 00:43:09,739 --> 00:43:11,604 was established. 722 00:43:17,714 --> 00:43:20,808 At the end of every pilgrimage, former internees 723 00:43:20,850 --> 00:43:23,182 tell their heart-wrenching stories. 724 00:43:23,219 --> 00:43:26,620 WOMAN: The infant mortality inside the camps was 10 times 725 00:43:26,656 --> 00:43:34,085 higher than outside the camps, so, I mean, that's incredible 726 00:43:34,130 --> 00:43:38,464 to believe that children were deemed as dangerous 727 00:43:38,501 --> 00:43:39,900 to this country. 728 00:43:39,936 --> 00:43:42,029 JENNl: My family lived this. 729 00:43:42,072 --> 00:43:44,870 I imagine my grandmother with 5 children, you know, teens 730 00:43:44,908 --> 00:43:47,741 on down to my mom, who was 3, which is the same age my 731 00:43:47,777 --> 00:43:49,039 daughter is now. 732 00:43:49,079 --> 00:43:52,105 This can't happen again ever. 733 00:43:52,148 --> 00:43:54,446 My dad had tractors, he had trucks. 734 00:43:54,484 --> 00:43:56,042 We had two cars. 735 00:43:56,086 --> 00:44:00,022 He must have been doing fairly well financially, and then 736 00:44:00,056 --> 00:44:03,253 of course, the War started, and everything came to an end, 737 00:44:03,293 --> 00:44:07,161 and that's how I'm sure many Japanese families 738 00:44:07,197 --> 00:44:08,926 were affected. 739 00:44:08,965 --> 00:44:12,264 It was just totally devastating. 740 00:44:12,302 --> 00:44:14,532 BURNS: Other civil rights activists share their 741 00:44:14,571 --> 00:44:16,038 stories, too. 742 00:44:16,072 --> 00:44:18,267 MAN: My wife, they always harass her, tell her to 743 00:44:18,308 --> 00:44:20,606 go... go back. 744 00:44:20,643 --> 00:44:22,440 This still goes on. 745 00:44:22,479 --> 00:44:24,879 WOMAN: As a Muslim American, I've been discriminated 746 00:44:24,914 --> 00:44:27,781 so many times because of stereotypes that have been 747 00:44:27,817 --> 00:44:29,785 presented by the media, people telling me, 748 00:44:29,819 --> 00:44:33,186 "I saw it on MSNBC, I saw it on this TV," you know, 749 00:44:33,223 --> 00:44:34,918 literally, literally. 750 00:44:34,958 --> 00:44:38,018 MAN: You have to speak out because nobody spoke out 751 00:44:38,061 --> 00:44:44,022 for us, and it makes a difference. 752 00:44:44,067 --> 00:44:47,503 MARJORY: These kind of things are going on now, and I think 753 00:44:47,537 --> 00:44:51,906 we tell the story because we really feel our country... I 754 00:44:51,941 --> 00:44:56,002 don't think they've learned much about prejudice. 755 00:44:56,045 --> 00:44:58,445 LYNCH: A lot of people think of the national parks as the 756 00:44:58,481 --> 00:45:01,211 great natural areas and the great recreational areas, 757 00:45:01,251 --> 00:45:03,185 but I think one of the really neat things about the National 758 00:45:03,219 --> 00:45:07,986 Park System is that we also preserve our history and not 759 00:45:08,024 --> 00:45:11,653 just the glowing parts of our history, but in some 760 00:45:11,694 --> 00:45:14,060 of the newer parks, like Manzanar, like some 761 00:45:14,097 --> 00:45:17,396 of the civil rights sites, we are actually talking 762 00:45:17,434 --> 00:45:19,425 about some of the not-so-wonderful 763 00:45:19,469 --> 00:45:22,097 parts of our history. 764 00:45:22,138 --> 00:45:24,436 MAN: Roots were pulled up, people's lives were 765 00:45:24,474 --> 00:45:26,374 altered forever. 766 00:45:26,409 --> 00:45:29,071 It was an important part of our history because we have 767 00:45:29,112 --> 00:45:32,104 a constitution, and it says that we have rights, and these 768 00:45:32,148 --> 00:45:37,415 people basically were told that it doesn't apply to you. 769 00:45:37,454 --> 00:45:40,389 LYNCH: Having Manzanar as part of the National Parks System 770 00:45:40,423 --> 00:45:42,414 allows people to come and learn about this chapter 771 00:45:42,459 --> 00:45:46,190 of history, and I think it gives people an opportunity to 772 00:45:46,229 --> 00:45:49,756 think about their own civic responsibilities and what we 773 00:45:49,799 --> 00:45:54,736 can each do to help America live up to its promises. 774 00:45:54,771 --> 00:45:56,739 LEATHERMAN: How the government treats the citizens, that's 775 00:45:56,773 --> 00:45:59,640 our story, so I think if we don't have that conversation 776 00:45:59,676 --> 00:46:04,443 we're not doing what we should be doing here at Manzanar. 777 00:46:04,481 --> 00:46:06,381 WOMAN AS SUE KUNITOMI EMBREY: We want to shout to the world 778 00:46:06,416 --> 00:46:09,977 that we are a great nation, willing to say that we are 779 00:46:10,019 --> 00:46:14,456 sorry about what we did, and not only are we 780 00:46:14,491 --> 00:46:18,894 a democracy, but we work at it for all of us. 781 00:46:18,928 --> 00:46:21,897 The working at it is the important part. 782 00:46:21,931 --> 00:46:24,365 Sue Kunitomi Embrey. 783 00:47:46,308 --> 00:47:50,677 KEN BURNS: Las Vegas, a city that lives for the night. 784 00:47:50,712 --> 00:47:54,375 It's also home for half a million people whose everyday 785 00:47:54,416 --> 00:47:57,852 lives are far removed from the razzle-dazzle. 786 00:48:01,089 --> 00:48:04,252 WOMAN: I am a seventh grade teacher in Las Vegas, Nevada. 787 00:48:04,292 --> 00:48:07,489 We're a lower- to middle-class school, and a lot 788 00:48:07,529 --> 00:48:10,589 of the parents work at casinos. 789 00:48:10,632 --> 00:48:13,726 They have odd shifts, so the parents aren't always home 790 00:48:13,768 --> 00:48:15,395 at certain hours. 791 00:48:15,437 --> 00:48:18,804 I know a lot of my students don't get the experience to go 792 00:48:18,840 --> 00:48:22,867 camping, and I just like to share that with them. 793 00:48:29,017 --> 00:48:31,815 All right. Let me have your attention, seventh graders. 794 00:48:31,853 --> 00:48:33,150 Are you excited? 795 00:48:33,188 --> 00:48:34,678 [Students cheering] 796 00:48:34,723 --> 00:48:36,384 Ready for the trip to Death Valley? 797 00:48:36,424 --> 00:48:38,619 [Cheering] 798 00:48:38,660 --> 00:48:43,324 All right. How many of you have been camping before? 799 00:48:43,365 --> 00:48:45,299 Those of you that haven't been, are you ready 800 00:48:45,333 --> 00:48:47,267 and excited to sleep in a tent tonight? 801 00:48:47,302 --> 00:48:48,792 STUDENTS: No! 802 00:48:48,837 --> 00:48:50,202 BO Y: No! 803 00:48:55,009 --> 00:48:57,944 [Lndistinct chatter] 804 00:48:57,979 --> 00:48:59,844 Show the mountains. Awesome! 805 00:48:59,881 --> 00:49:01,041 Oh, my God! 806 00:49:01,082 --> 00:49:02,310 Look. Now we don't know how big it is. 807 00:49:02,350 --> 00:49:04,318 Oh, my God! 808 00:49:04,352 --> 00:49:07,651 MAN: This is our Death Valley Rocks program, where we're 809 00:49:07,689 --> 00:49:10,852 bringing young kids to Death Valley. 810 00:49:10,892 --> 00:49:15,158 We want this to be a place where they can learn a whole 811 00:49:15,196 --> 00:49:17,130 lot better than being in a classroom. 812 00:49:17,165 --> 00:49:20,828 The youth we wanted to reach were the inner city youth, 813 00:49:20,869 --> 00:49:23,838 and the inner city kids, more often than not, don't 814 00:49:23,872 --> 00:49:27,808 have an opportunity to enjoy the out of doors. 815 00:49:27,842 --> 00:49:31,141 MAN: We're gonna go down into the crater. 816 00:49:31,179 --> 00:49:36,242 It will not be as windy as we go down. 817 00:49:38,987 --> 00:49:40,545 WOMAN: For most of them, this is a completely 818 00:49:40,588 --> 00:49:42,522 new experience. 819 00:49:42,557 --> 00:49:44,923 There's only less than 10% of the kids that are here who 820 00:49:44,959 --> 00:49:48,986 have actually camped, which means, like, 6 or 7 kids. 821 00:49:49,030 --> 00:49:53,729 They have no idea any of this is out here. 822 00:49:53,768 --> 00:49:57,295 Suddenly, you're in wide-open expanse and away 823 00:49:57,338 --> 00:49:58,635 from everything. 824 00:50:01,943 --> 00:50:05,879 Everyone knows how Ubehebe was created? 825 00:50:05,914 --> 00:50:10,908 Hot magma comes in contact with water, creates steam, 826 00:50:10,952 --> 00:50:13,113 and it builds up, builds up, builds up, and all 827 00:50:13,154 --> 00:50:16,146 of a sudden, pwoosh! 828 00:50:16,191 --> 00:50:19,957 And that's Ubehebe Crater. 829 00:50:19,994 --> 00:50:26,092 You will be reenacting how Ubehebe got here. 830 00:50:26,134 --> 00:50:29,103 GIRL: Tiffany, come on! No. Stand over there. 831 00:50:29,137 --> 00:50:30,695 That's it. We're gonna move towards each other. 832 00:50:30,738 --> 00:50:32,171 WOMAN: And who's gonna be the steam? Ha ha! 833 00:50:32,207 --> 00:50:33,538 GIRL: Me! 834 00:50:33,575 --> 00:50:36,009 REYNOLDS: You can have hands-on with Mother Nature, you can 835 00:50:36,044 --> 00:50:39,138 have hands-on with geology, you can have hands-on 836 00:50:39,180 --> 00:50:43,207 with hydrology, and then at the same time, you can have 837 00:50:43,251 --> 00:50:46,379 hands-on with history. 838 00:50:46,421 --> 00:50:50,517 So what better place to learn all of those subjects is 839 00:50:50,558 --> 00:50:54,358 in the places where they occur? 840 00:50:54,395 --> 00:50:57,922 HADLOCK: Part of the goal of this is to build self-esteem. 841 00:50:57,966 --> 00:51:00,298 Some people would say taking the kids down in there could 842 00:51:00,335 --> 00:51:01,461 that be dangerous? 843 00:51:01,503 --> 00:51:03,437 There's all sorts of objections. 844 00:51:03,471 --> 00:51:05,701 You see their faces when they've climbed out of it. 845 00:51:05,740 --> 00:51:08,368 I think for them that was a great, big accomplishment. 846 00:51:08,409 --> 00:51:10,707 BEVERLY: It was a moment for them to see them grow within 847 00:51:10,745 --> 00:51:15,307 themselves, once they finally got up there, just to look 848 00:51:15,350 --> 00:51:17,648 down and go, "I did it." 849 00:51:27,962 --> 00:51:31,261 HADLOCK: Look in your workbooks. 850 00:51:31,299 --> 00:51:35,133 You're gonna do a little bit of dune discovery on your own. 851 00:51:35,169 --> 00:51:38,900 You're going to take a finger, you're going to stick it 852 00:51:38,940 --> 00:51:40,305 in your mouth. 853 00:51:40,341 --> 00:51:43,310 STUDENTS: Eww! 854 00:51:43,344 --> 00:51:46,108 You're gonna stick it in the sand! 855 00:51:46,147 --> 00:51:48,206 Do not stick it back in your mouth. 856 00:51:48,249 --> 00:51:50,149 [Laughter] 857 00:51:50,184 --> 00:51:53,984 You now have a sand sample. 858 00:51:54,022 --> 00:51:57,514 BEVERLY: In class, we studied geology in the fall. 859 00:51:57,559 --> 00:52:00,892 The rangers came out 3 different times to our school. 860 00:52:00,929 --> 00:52:03,420 They did activities about the rock cycle and the different 861 00:52:03,464 --> 00:52:07,662 geology and good stewardship and things like that, so this 862 00:52:07,702 --> 00:52:12,002 went right along kind of as a culminating experience. 863 00:52:12,040 --> 00:52:13,473 WOMAN: What do you see? You see blue? 864 00:52:13,508 --> 00:52:14,975 GIRL: Yeah, right there! 865 00:52:15,009 --> 00:52:16,135 WOMAN: Do you? 866 00:52:16,177 --> 00:52:17,974 GIRL: Yeah. I even see green. 867 00:52:18,012 --> 00:52:19,639 WOMAN: Do you? You see blues and greens? 868 00:52:19,681 --> 00:52:21,012 I see a yellow. See that yellow? 869 00:52:21,049 --> 00:52:23,142 WOMAN: Is that little specks of red in there, or is that 870 00:52:23,184 --> 00:52:24,549 from your Hot Cheetos? 871 00:52:24,586 --> 00:52:26,053 [Laughter] 872 00:52:26,087 --> 00:52:27,816 MAN: What do those colors mean? 873 00:52:27,855 --> 00:52:31,416 GIRL: It means that it came from, like, a mountain where 874 00:52:31,459 --> 00:52:33,791 the sea used to be so the water sort of 875 00:52:33,828 --> 00:52:35,090 changed the colors. 876 00:52:35,129 --> 00:52:36,824 Ooh! Let's draw that one right there! 877 00:52:36,864 --> 00:52:37,990 BEVERLY: OK. Let's. 878 00:52:38,032 --> 00:52:39,329 It's neat to see them when they get there. 879 00:52:39,367 --> 00:52:41,767 "Wow! This is what we've been doing, and this is what we've 880 00:52:41,803 --> 00:52:43,634 "been reading about." 881 00:52:43,671 --> 00:52:46,162 HADLOCK: We're actually getting better behavior out 882 00:52:46,207 --> 00:52:48,539 here than we were getting in the classroom. 883 00:52:48,576 --> 00:52:50,339 I mean, these kids have been working on their own. 884 00:52:50,378 --> 00:52:52,608 They've been working together afterwards, and it's 885 00:52:52,647 --> 00:52:57,084 also just flat out fun! 886 00:52:57,118 --> 00:52:59,052 Aah! 887 00:52:59,087 --> 00:53:00,349 HADLOCK: Let's go, guys! 888 00:53:00,388 --> 00:53:01,685 MAN: Move it, move it! 889 00:53:05,360 --> 00:53:09,023 Group 3, send a person to get a tent. 890 00:53:09,063 --> 00:53:10,553 HADLOCK, VOICE-OVER: Tonight, the kids are gonna be 891 00:53:10,598 --> 00:53:12,361 setting up camp. 892 00:53:12,400 --> 00:53:13,890 HADLOCK: Get in your groups. 893 00:53:13,935 --> 00:53:15,368 Experience is the best teacher. 894 00:53:15,403 --> 00:53:17,530 If their tent isn't done quite right and it comes down 895 00:53:17,572 --> 00:53:19,506 in the middle of the night, the only one they're gonna be 896 00:53:19,540 --> 00:53:21,804 able to blame is themselves. 897 00:53:21,843 --> 00:53:25,643 It's a great, wonderful learning experience. 898 00:53:25,680 --> 00:53:28,114 GIRL: It won't push! 899 00:53:28,149 --> 00:53:30,276 BURNS: The program at Death Valley is new, 900 00:53:30,318 --> 00:53:32,411 but the idea is not. 901 00:53:32,453 --> 00:53:34,944 National parks have been introducing city kids to 902 00:53:34,989 --> 00:53:38,823 the wilderness for decades. 903 00:53:38,860 --> 00:53:41,852 Stephen Mather, the first director of the Park Service, 904 00:53:41,896 --> 00:53:46,333 called the parks "vast schoolrooms of Americanism." 905 00:53:48,936 --> 00:53:52,702 Just a few miles off Miami's urban shoreline lies Biscayne 906 00:53:52,740 --> 00:53:56,301 National Park, where some lucky students finally get to 907 00:53:56,344 --> 00:53:59,074 explore the pristine environment that's been their 908 00:53:59,113 --> 00:54:02,014 backyard their whole lives. 909 00:54:02,050 --> 00:54:04,211 WOMAN: OK. The first thing we want to do is hold 910 00:54:04,252 --> 00:54:05,810 the paddle properly. 911 00:54:05,853 --> 00:54:11,382 OK. You put your hand on the top like this and then bring 912 00:54:11,426 --> 00:54:15,226 the paddle in the water in front of you, all right? 913 00:54:15,263 --> 00:54:18,323 In, across, up, feather. 914 00:54:18,366 --> 00:54:19,833 OK. I'll go slower. 915 00:54:19,867 --> 00:54:24,099 In, across, up, feather. 916 00:54:24,138 --> 00:54:26,129 Let me see you do it a few times. 917 00:54:26,174 --> 00:54:28,699 WOMAN, VOICE-OVER: Biscayne National Park has an education 918 00:54:28,743 --> 00:54:33,806 program that has been in existence since 1976. 919 00:54:33,848 --> 00:54:36,840 The resources that we have out here are just amazing. 920 00:54:36,884 --> 00:54:40,047 It's 95% water. 921 00:54:40,088 --> 00:54:43,751 So the classroom is actually in the park. 922 00:54:54,702 --> 00:54:57,762 We target students throughout south Florida. 923 00:54:57,805 --> 00:55:00,865 We take the students out of the classroom and bring them 924 00:55:00,908 --> 00:55:04,435 to the actual ecosystems, the mangrove shoreline, 925 00:55:04,479 --> 00:55:07,880 Biscayne Bay and its sea grasses, the islands with this 926 00:55:07,915 --> 00:55:13,512 hardwood hammock, and even out to the coral reef. 927 00:55:13,554 --> 00:55:15,613 GIRL: Let me get out of here. 928 00:55:15,656 --> 00:55:18,318 - Getting wet. - Oh, man. Stop! 929 00:55:18,359 --> 00:55:20,122 DIFFERENT BO Y: Anybody tipped over? 930 00:55:20,161 --> 00:55:22,152 MAN: Who's come here before? Anybody come here before? 931 00:55:22,196 --> 00:55:23,788 No. It was my first... my first time. 932 00:55:23,831 --> 00:55:25,765 My first time. 933 00:55:25,800 --> 00:55:28,598 BEOTEGUl: This is all new to them, being in a boat, seeing 934 00:55:28,636 --> 00:55:35,474 blue crabs with eggs on it, sea horses, horseshoe crabs. 935 00:55:35,510 --> 00:55:38,775 It just opens their eyes to another world. 936 00:55:38,813 --> 00:55:40,371 MAN: So who liked it? 937 00:55:40,414 --> 00:55:42,348 GIRL: I liked it, but it was scary. 938 00:55:42,383 --> 00:55:44,351 DIFFERENT GIRL: I liked it, but it was scary. 939 00:55:44,385 --> 00:55:45,852 MAN: Were you scared the whole time? 940 00:55:45,887 --> 00:55:47,047 I was scared the whole time because kept getting stuck. 941 00:55:47,088 --> 00:55:49,386 Yeah. Somebody was kind of bossy. 942 00:55:49,423 --> 00:55:50,651 - Who? - Him. 943 00:55:50,691 --> 00:55:52,215 - Her. - Him. 944 00:55:52,260 --> 00:55:54,820 MAN: These kids don't have any type of aspirations to 945 00:55:54,862 --> 00:55:56,193 anything in life. 946 00:55:56,230 --> 00:55:57,788 Close your eyes. 947 00:55:57,832 --> 00:55:59,993 All they know is their neighborhoods, the crack 948 00:56:00,034 --> 00:56:02,798 dealers, the drug dealers. 949 00:56:02,837 --> 00:56:04,270 Let go, Anthony. 950 00:56:04,305 --> 00:56:06,136 They don't get a chance to come together and work as 951 00:56:06,174 --> 00:56:07,869 a team very often. 952 00:56:07,909 --> 00:56:09,843 Everything to them is very competitive. 953 00:56:09,877 --> 00:56:11,105 They don't like working together. 954 00:56:11,145 --> 00:56:12,806 They don't like trusting each other. 955 00:56:12,847 --> 00:56:15,839 So coming here gave them an opportunity to work on all 956 00:56:15,883 --> 00:56:18,977 these different activities that required them to come 957 00:56:19,020 --> 00:56:22,683 together and achieve a goal. 958 00:56:22,723 --> 00:56:24,691 Ready? Ashley, turn around. WOMAN: Turn around. 959 00:56:24,725 --> 00:56:25,885 RABASSA: Ask them, "Are you ready to catch?" 960 00:56:25,927 --> 00:56:27,394 ASHLEY: Are you ready? KIDS: Yes! 961 00:56:27,428 --> 00:56:28,895 RABASSA: "I'm ready to fall." Say, "I'm ready to fall." 962 00:56:28,930 --> 00:56:30,261 ASHLEY: I'm ready to fall. 963 00:56:30,298 --> 00:56:31,697 WOMAN: OK. Cross your hands. RABASSA: Close your eyes. 964 00:56:31,732 --> 00:56:33,097 WOMAN: And fall just like you did in the circle. 965 00:56:33,134 --> 00:56:35,534 Perfect, perfect, perfect. 966 00:56:35,570 --> 00:56:36,935 RABASSA: Good job, Ashley. 967 00:56:36,971 --> 00:56:38,268 WOMAN: You did good, Ashley. 968 00:56:38,306 --> 00:56:40,399 GIRL: Y'all got to get closer. 969 00:56:40,441 --> 00:56:43,672 BO Y: How closer? WOMAN: She's right. 970 00:56:43,711 --> 00:56:45,110 RABASSA: Ready, Ranisha? 971 00:56:45,146 --> 00:56:47,444 Fall straight back, Ranisha. Let it go. 972 00:56:47,481 --> 00:56:48,948 WOMAN: Perfect. 973 00:56:48,983 --> 00:56:50,780 RABASSA, VOICE-OVER: It was really awesome to just see 974 00:56:50,818 --> 00:56:54,720 them work together and trust each other because they don't, 975 00:56:54,755 --> 00:56:57,451 and at first, they were very apprehensive about just 976 00:56:57,491 --> 00:57:01,359 letting go and putting their safety in somebody else's hands. 977 00:57:01,395 --> 00:57:03,158 RABASSA: Who's down here wants to go? 978 00:57:03,197 --> 00:57:04,425 Me! 979 00:57:04,465 --> 00:57:05,864 RABASSA, VOICE-OVER: When they're exposed to seeing that 980 00:57:05,900 --> 00:57:09,392 they can work together and not be working against each other, 981 00:57:09,437 --> 00:57:13,567 I think it gives them a different outlook on life. 982 00:57:16,244 --> 00:57:19,941 GIRL: Mr. Walter! 983 00:57:19,981 --> 00:57:24,543 Mr. Walter! 984 00:57:24,585 --> 00:57:26,576 BEOTEGUl: They're students that need to be challenged 985 00:57:26,621 --> 00:57:27,986 in different ways. 986 00:57:28,022 --> 00:57:30,217 Out here, we have students that never talk 987 00:57:30,258 --> 00:57:32,317 in the classroom, and all of a sudden, they're taking 988 00:57:32,360 --> 00:57:36,421 the lead, so we are providing students with a different 989 00:57:36,464 --> 00:57:39,592 method by which to learn, and this is opening up their 990 00:57:39,634 --> 00:57:43,536 world, their appreciation of learning, and who knows where 991 00:57:43,571 --> 00:57:47,803 this will lead them in the future? 992 00:57:47,842 --> 00:57:49,434 BO Y: Justin, get over here! 993 00:57:55,116 --> 00:57:56,242 MAN: Come on. We got pancakes. 994 00:57:56,284 --> 00:57:59,651 If you want some, come get them, and they're not bad. 995 00:57:59,687 --> 00:58:01,052 Hello, girls. 996 00:58:01,088 --> 00:58:02,385 [Girl speaks Spanish] 997 00:58:02,423 --> 00:58:04,118 [Man speaking Spanish] 998 00:58:04,158 --> 00:58:06,149 [Lndistinct chatter] 999 00:58:09,931 --> 00:58:11,489 It was hard to sleep last night. 1000 00:58:11,532 --> 00:58:13,898 It was really cold, I was all wet. 1001 00:58:18,973 --> 00:58:23,069 MAN: Who's been camping before? 1002 00:58:23,110 --> 00:58:25,237 Not me. 1003 00:58:25,279 --> 00:58:27,008 - Nobody? - No. 1004 00:58:27,048 --> 00:58:29,812 MAN: Did anything surprise you? 1005 00:58:29,850 --> 00:58:31,909 The coyotes. 1006 00:58:31,953 --> 00:58:33,750 BO Y: We heard the coyotes, like, in the middle 1007 00:58:33,788 --> 00:58:36,985 of the night, like, 3 times. 1008 00:58:37,024 --> 00:58:40,790 They just started howling, and then some other coyotes 1009 00:58:40,828 --> 00:58:45,663 started howling, and then another, et cetera. 1010 00:58:45,700 --> 00:58:47,327 BO Y: Oh, yes! 1011 00:58:47,368 --> 00:58:50,565 Whoever gets that one is lucky. 1012 00:58:50,604 --> 00:58:53,334 HADLOCK: When you watch kids that can be impressed by just 1013 00:58:53,374 --> 00:58:56,400 the sound of silence, when you watch kids who can be 1014 00:58:56,444 --> 00:58:58,742 impressed with the idea of seeing the Milky Way to the 1015 00:58:58,779 --> 00:59:04,809 point that it silences them, it's powerful, it's powerful. 1016 00:59:04,852 --> 00:59:07,184 That's why we work with the inner city kids. 1017 00:59:10,358 --> 00:59:11,518 REYNOLDS: Come on. Get down that end. 1018 00:59:11,559 --> 00:59:14,119 Two of you on that end, and we'll be on this end. 1019 00:59:14,161 --> 00:59:15,423 GIRL: Ow. My leg. 1020 00:59:15,463 --> 00:59:17,954 REYNOLDS: OK. Do your roll. 1021 00:59:17,999 --> 00:59:21,435 HADLOCK: We're finding right now the largest dropout rate 1022 00:59:21,469 --> 00:59:23,903 is actually in middle school, not high school. 1023 00:59:23,938 --> 00:59:26,202 They don't even make it to high school. 1024 00:59:26,240 --> 00:59:29,437 If this makes a difference in one kid's life, 1025 00:59:29,477 --> 00:59:33,504 then it's important. 1026 00:59:33,547 --> 00:59:36,277 BEVERLY: I want the students to walk away with the 1027 00:59:36,317 --> 00:59:40,048 education of the geology and the meteorology and knowing 1028 00:59:40,087 --> 00:59:43,215 the different environments and how this is the Mojave Desert 1029 00:59:43,257 --> 00:59:45,282 and they live in the Mojave Desert. 1030 00:59:45,326 --> 00:59:46,850 REYNOLDS: So make it as tight as you can. 1031 00:59:46,894 --> 00:59:48,486 So I'll start it off. 1032 00:59:48,529 --> 00:59:50,997 BEVERLY: The other thing that I wanted students to take away 1033 00:59:51,032 --> 00:59:53,830 was growth in themselves and that they can do things 1034 00:59:53,868 --> 00:59:55,665 and that they're independent. 1035 00:59:55,703 --> 00:59:58,263 REYNOLDS: I know you want to profile. Stop. 1036 00:59:58,305 --> 00:59:59,897 REYNOLDS, VOICE-OVER: Somebody has to care. 1037 00:59:59,940 --> 01:00:02,204 We care, and as we teach them how to 1038 01:00:02,243 --> 01:00:04,370 treat Mother Earth, maybe they'll do better than we 1039 01:00:04,412 --> 01:00:08,143 have done it, and let's just hope that 1040 01:00:08,182 --> 01:00:11,379 a couple of generations down the road Mother Earth will be 1041 01:00:11,419 --> 01:00:13,887 a whole lot better than it is today. 1042 01:00:13,921 --> 01:00:16,913 Maybe our generation doesn't have the will, but maybe these 1043 01:00:16,957 --> 01:00:18,584 kids will have the will.